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Anatomy 1060 > Respiration * > Flashcards

Respiration * Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thoracic cage composed of ?

A

sternum, ribs, costal cartilage and thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

how do ribs join the sternum ?

A

on the anterior aspect via costal cartilage (also join the vertebrae on the posterior aspect via two joints)

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3
Q

what are two joints that articulate at posterior aspect between ribs and vertebrae ?

A

costotransverse and costovertebral joints

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4
Q

what are the three types of thoracic muscles ?

A
  • external intercostals
  • internal intercostals
  • innermost intercostals
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5
Q

describe external intercostlas:

A
  • elevates ribs (inspiration)
  • super-lateral to inferomedial
  • “hands in your pocket”
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6
Q

which thoracic muscle is used during inspiration ?

A

external intercostals

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7
Q

describe internal and innermost intercostals :

A
  • depressed ribs (forced expiration)
  • superomedial to inferolateral
  • “grab your collarbones”
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8
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when contraction occurs ?

A
  • lowers dome
  • increases volume of thoracic cavity
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9
Q

which thoracic muscles are used during expiration ?

A

innermost and internal

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10
Q

what happens to volume when you are breathing in ?

A

increasing volume

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11
Q

what happens to volume when you are breathing out ?

A

decreasing volume

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12
Q

increasing volume =

A

inspiration

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13
Q

decreasing volume =

A

expiration

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14
Q

why are lungs under tension ?

A
  • naturally want to collapse
  • stuck to visceral pleura
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15
Q

alveolar pressure =

A

atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

what two layers does the pleura have that creates a sac ?

A

parietal and visceral layers

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17
Q

what is intrapleural pressure ?

A

around 4 mmHg below atmosphere

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18
Q

when the thoracic cage expands (muscle contraction) what does the parietal pleura do ?

A

the parietal pleura also contracts… screaming the intrapleural pressure

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19
Q

what is pneumothorax ?

A

puncture to pleural membrane causes air (pneumo) in pleural space (lung is deflated)

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20
Q

does the intrapleural space pressure change during pneumothorax ?

A

yes

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21
Q

in what case does the lung no longer go under tension + collapses ?

A

pneumothorax

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22
Q

if blood is involved in an pneumothorax what is this called ?

A

hemothorax

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23
Q

what happens if you reseal the hole during an pneumothorax ?

A

can shift the position of organs in the thorax which can be really problematic

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24
Q

how’s the pressure inside the alveoli during pneunothorax ?

A

same as atmospheric pressure under normal conditionse

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25
Q

what are two forms of circulation (gas exchange) ?

A

pulmonary and bronchial

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26
Q

which circulation system supplies the lung tissue ?

A

bronchial (systemic)

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27
Q

describe the origin of the pulmonary circulation:

A

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle

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28
Q

describe the location of the pulmonary circulation:

A

arteries = center of bronchopulmonary segment
veins = outside of bronchopulmonary segment

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29
Q

describe the features pf the pulmonary circulation:

A

high flow, low pressure, low resistance

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30
Q

what is the goal of pulmonary circulation ?

A

oxygenated blood

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31
Q

describe the origin of bronchial circulation :

A

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle

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32
Q

describe the location of bronchial circulation :

A

arteries = center of bronchopulmonary segment
veins = drains into pulmonary vein

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33
Q

describe the features of the bronchial circulation :

A

high pressure and high resistance

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34
Q

describe the goal of bronchial circulation :

A

perfume lung tissue

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35
Q

what drains via pulmonary vein ?

A

bronchial artery

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36
Q

the bronchial artery is a part of which circulation ?

A

systemic circulation

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37
Q

how does the bronchial artery drain its blood ?

A

originally at the left ventricle, it carries oxygenated blood, under high pressure, to perfuse lung tissue

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38
Q

where does gas exchange occur ?

A

capillary bed on alveolus

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39
Q

what is the gals of gas exchange ?

A

oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide

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40
Q

how does gas exchange occur ?

A

this occurs via passive diffusion of these two gasses between the alveoli of your lungs and the pulmonary capillaries carrying blood

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41
Q

what happens when you breathe in ?

A

oxygen moved into the alveoli and then diffuses across the membrane to get into the capillary; at the same time carbon dioxide present in the capillary is going to move into the alveoli and be breathed out

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42
Q

what are the three zones gas has to pass through ?

A
  • pulmonary capillary
  • fused basement membrane
  • alveoli
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43
Q

how does oxygen move between the three gas zones ?

A

alveoli to fused basement membrane to pulmonary capillary

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44
Q

how does carbon dioxide move between the three gas zones ?

A

pulmonary capillary to fused basement membrane to the alveoli

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45
Q

what is ventilatoin ?

A

air in alveoli

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46
Q

what is perfusion ?

A

blood flow through capillaries

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47
Q

what is a shunt ?

A

adequate perfusion, but no ventilation

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48
Q

what is dead space ?

A

adequate ventilation, but no perfusion

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49
Q

what causes a shunt ?

A

pulmonary edema, asthma, COPD, pneumothorax and gas trapping

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50
Q

what causes dead space ?

A

hemorrhage, dehydration, pulmonary embolism

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51
Q

what is pulmonary edema ?

A

usually secondary to heart failure

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52
Q

what does it mean if someone has pulmonary edema ?

A

blood not effectively pumped from left ventricle leads to back up in pulmonary veins and lungs

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53
Q

what are some signs that = fluid accumulation + increased pressure interstitium ?

A

swelling and eventual leaking of pulmonary capillaries

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54
Q

what happens to diffusion in the case of pulmonary edema ?

A

diffusion (thus oxygenation) becomes more difficult

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55
Q

if fluid may leak into the pleural cavity (pulmonary effusion) or mediastinum… what does this mean

A

pulmonary edema

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56
Q

is alveolar flooding possible in the case of pulmonary edema ?

A

yes and very problematic

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57
Q

what do lungs always want to do ?

A

lungs always want to collapse (but are held open by the intrapleural pressure)

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58
Q

what does thoracic cage expansion mean ?

A

intrapleural pressure is decreased therefore lungs expand

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59
Q

what does it mean when pressure drops within the lung tissue ?

A

air is inspired

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60
Q

what is pneumothorax ?

A

disruption in pleura (loss of pressure differential and lung collapse)

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61
Q

where does diffusive gas exchange occur ?

A

between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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62
Q

what causes problems between perfusion and ventilation ?

A

when there is a mismatch

63
Q

what are the branches of the conducting zone ?

A

trachea, main bronchi, lobar & segmental bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchi

64
Q

what are the branches of the respiratory zone ?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

65
Q

how many tubes are in the trache ?

A

1

66
Q

how many tubes are in the main bronchi ?

A

1

67
Q

how many tubes are in the lobar and segmental bronchi ?

A

lobar = 2-3
segmental = 10

68
Q

how many tubes are in the respiratory bronchioles ?

A

17-19

69
Q

how many tubes are there in the alveolar ducts ?

A

20-22

70
Q

how many tubes are there in the alveolar sacs ?

A

23

71
Q

how many lobes are there in the right lung ?

A

3

72
Q

how many lobes are there in the left lung ?

A

2

73
Q

what is the lung made of ?

A

pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange) and interstitium (fibroblasts for elastic tissue production + macrophages for protection)

74
Q

what is the name of the space between 2 adjacent alveoli ?

A

interalveloar septum

75
Q

each lung has how many surfaces ?

A

3

76
Q

what are the three surfaces of the lungs ?

A
  • costal surface
  • diaphragmatic surface
  • mediastinal surface
77
Q

where is the costal surface located ?

A

against the ribs

78
Q

where is the diaphragmatic surface located ?

A

against the diaphragm

79
Q

where is the mediastinal surface located ?

A

against the mediastinum

80
Q

what is the apex ?

A

the top of lung

81
Q

what is the root/hilum of lung ?

A

mediastinal surface

82
Q

what is the term used to separate the lungs into lobes ?

A

fissures

83
Q

how are the lungs connected to the heart ?

A

via pulmonary (gas exchange) and bronchial (systemic) circulation

84
Q

anatomy of the right lung:

A

apex, superior lobe, anterior border, horizontal fissure, middle lobe, oblique fissure, base, inferior border, inferior lobe and costal surface

85
Q

anatomy of the left lung:

A

apex, superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, inferior border, lingual, costal surface and anterior border

86
Q

what are hilum structures ?

A
  • place of transition
  • where tubes and vessels
87
Q

what are hilum structures ?

A
  • bronchi
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
  • lymphatics
  • bronchial arteries
  • pulmonary ligament
88
Q

which hilum structure has cartilaginous rings surrounding lumen ?

A

bronchi

89
Q

which hilum structure has anterior to bronchi, thicker walled than veins ?

A

pulmonary arteries

90
Q

which hilum structure is systemic circulation ?

A

bronchial arteries

91
Q

which hilum structure is pleural reflection ?

A

pulmonary ligaments

92
Q

which hilum structure is oxygenated blood ?

A

pulmonary veins

93
Q

which hilum structure os deoxygenated blood ?

A

pulmonary arteries

94
Q

what do the numbers of divisions in the hilum structures depend upon ?

A

location of X-section

95
Q

what are pleural cavities ?

A

sac in which the lung resides

96
Q

what are the two layers of the pleural cavities ?

A

visceral and parietal

97
Q

where is visceral located ?

A

next to lung

98
Q

Whereis parietal located ?

A

next to thoracic wall

99
Q

what do we do lungs fill up the whole pleura ?

A

no lungs dont actually fill up the whole thing

100
Q

how many clinical significant recesses within the pleura are there ?

A

2

101
Q

what are the two clinically significant recesses within the pleura ?

A

costomediastinal and costofiaphragmatic

102
Q

what are the 2 clinical significant recesses important for ?

A

potential areas where fluid can collect

103
Q

what two things do the lungs consist of ?

A

alveoli and interstitium

104
Q

what are alveoli ?

A

air pockets

105
Q

what are interstitium ?

A
  • areas in between them
  • contain elastin fibers within to aid in contraction
106
Q

where do pleural cavities exist?

A

exist to the right and left of the mediastinum (contains lungs and pleura)

107
Q

what is the respiratory system ?

A

series pf passages conducting air from environment to alveoli to facilitate gas exchange

108
Q

what are the structural divisions of the respiratory system ?

A

upper and lower

109
Q

what is the upper division of the respiratory system ?

A

nose and pharynx

110
Q

what is the lower division of the respiratory system ?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchioles and alveoli

111
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system ?

A

conducting and respiratory

112
Q

what is the responsibility of the conducting zone ?

A

cleanse, warm and humidify air

113
Q

what is the responsibility of respiratory zone ?

A

gas exchange

114
Q

what are the parts of the conducting zone ?

A

nasal cavities to the terminal bronchioles

115
Q

what are the parts of the respiratory zone ?

A

respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

116
Q

what are the parts of the mucous linings ?

A
  • olfactory mucosa (smell on cribriform plate)
  • respiratory mucosa (cleaning)
117
Q

what are the 5 parts of the bony protrusions (conchae) of the naval cavity ?

A
  • increases surface area
  • covered in epithelium +highly vascular
  • superior + middle = ethmoid bone
  • inferior conchae is a bone
  • meatus = space under conchae
118
Q

anything we dont want to breath fully in will stay where ?

A

mucosa

119
Q

after the nasal cavity where do we go ?

A

pharynx

120
Q

what does the pharynx connect together ?

A

nasal cavity with larynx

121
Q

what is the pharynx made of ?

A

skeletal muscle

122
Q

what is the pharynx lined with ?

A

mucous membrane

123
Q

what are the three sections of the pharynx ?

A
  • nasopharynx = air only
  • oropharynx = air + food
  • larygopharynx = divides air + food
124
Q

which part of the pharynx is the esophagus posterior to that goes to the stomach ?

A

laryngopharynx

125
Q

what is the nasopharynx responsible for ?

A

air only

126
Q

what is the oropharynx responsible for ?

A

air + food

127
Q

what is the larygopharynx responsible for ?

A

divides air + food

128
Q

where does air travel through to eventually get to the lungs ?

A

larynx

129
Q

what are the three functions of the larynx ?

A

1) prevent food from entering trachea
2) permit passage of air
3) produce vocalization

130
Q

what are the 9 cartilages of the larynx ?

A
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • epiglottis
  • 2x arytenoid
  • 2x cuneiform
  • 2x corniculate
131
Q

which cartilages of the larynx are unpaired ?

A

thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis

132
Q

which cartilages of the larynx are paired ?

A

arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate

133
Q

what two things are responsible for speech production ?

A

vocal ligaments/folds (cords) and vestibular fold

134
Q

what are vocal ligaments/fold (cords) ?

A
  • arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
  • intrinsic laryngeal muscles control tension and length of cords
135
Q

if there is an increase in tension what does this mean for the pitch of voice ?

A

increase pitch

136
Q

what is the vestibular fold ?

A
  • superior to vocal folds
  • no role in voice production
  • important for holding pressure within lungs
137
Q

why is the vestibular fold important ?

A

for holding pressure within the lungs

138
Q

between the vocal ligaments and vestibular fold which has no role in voice production ?

A

vestibular fold

139
Q

what are the vestibular folds covered in ?

A

mucosa

140
Q

what are the trachea and bronchial tree held open by ?

A

“c” shaped cartilages

141
Q

what does the trachea + bronchial tree divide into ?

A

primary bronchi @ carina

142
Q

describe the differences between the left and right part of the trachea + bronchial tree ?

A

left = longer and more horizontal
right = shorter, more vertical and wider

143
Q

secondly (lobar) of the tracheal +bronchial tree has how many lobes ?

A

left = 2 and right = 3

144
Q

tertiary (segmental) of the trachea + bronchial tree further divides into what ?

A

bronchopulmonary segments (segmental bronchus and vessels)

145
Q

what is each bronchopulmonary segment supplied by ?

A

by its own neuromuscular bundle

146
Q

in which lobe is chocking usually more common in ?

A

the right lobe

147
Q

what are the parts o the respiratory zone ?

A
  • tertiary bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar duct
  • alveolar sac
  • alveoli
148
Q

where are alveolar sacs located at the end of ?

A

alveolar ducts

149
Q

what are the two cell types of alveoli structure ?

A

type 1 pneumocyte and type 2 pneumocyte

150
Q

describe type 1 pneumocytes:

A
  • long and flat shaped
  • make up walls of alveoli + interface with pulmonary capillaries
151
Q

describe type 2 pneumocytes:

A
  • cuboidal
  • secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension
  • allows alveoli to remain popped open
152
Q

what is the main responsibility of type 1 pneymocytes ?

A

diffusion

153
Q

what is the responsibility of type 2 pneumocytes ?

A

pulmonary surfactant

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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