Knee to Foot * Flashcards
what is the main function of the bones of the knee ?
to allow the weight of the body and the thigh to be transferred through to the shank & ankle
what is the main function of the femur ?
transmits force from pelvis through the knee
what is the main function of the tibia ?
weight bearing
what is the main function of the fibula ?
rotational stability
what is the main function of the patella ?
increases force production at joint
which anatomical aspect does the fibula exist on ?
lateral aspect
why does the fibula exist on the lateral aspect ?
because it does not participate in pronation and supination therefore prevents roation
medial vs lateral epicondyle
lateral = outer region of knee
medial = inner region of knee
what two joints create the joints of the knee ?
femorotibial + patellofemoral
what are the two functions of the knee ?
- transit zone (connects the thigh to shank)
- standing & location (stability vs mobility)
what is more mobile; the knee or elbow ?
knee is more mobile
what 3 factors contribute to joint stability/mobility of the knee ?
- shape and arrangement of articulating surfaces
- ligaments crossing the joint
- tone of surrounding muscles
what is menisci ?
is the plural of meniscus and it acts to protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends (prevents wear and tear injuries)
what are three functions of the menisci ?
- deepen + stabilize articulating surfaces
- fibrocartilage shock absorberes
- protects underlying hyaline cartilage + bones
what happens in the case of repaired meniscus ?
they can be stitched to hold together; important for kinematics of the knee
what are the four ligaments of the knee ?
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
what is the function of the collateral ligmaments of the knee ?
provide mediolateral stbilization
what does ACL stand for ?
anterior cruciate ligament
what is the function of the ACL when foot is planted ?
prevent femur moving posteriorly on tibia
what is the function of the ACL when foot is free ?
prevents tibia from moving anteriorly under femur
what is the function of the PCL when foot is planted ?
prevents femur from moving anterior on tibia
what is the function of the PCL when foot is free ?
prevents tibia from moving posterior under femur
what is the cruciate ligaments named after ?
named based on tibia attachment position
what is a PCL rupture ?
hyperextension of the knee
what is an ACL rupture ?
rotation of the knee
an ACL rupture is a blow to _____
the lateral femur
an RCL rupture is a blow to _____
the tibial tuberosity
what is the joint capsule of the knee lined by ?
synovial membrane
what muscles cross at the knee ?
- quadriceps femoris muscle group
- hamstring group muscles
- shank muscles
- popliteus
what are the quadriceps femoris muscles ?
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medius
- vastus intermedius
what are the hamstring muscles ?
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
what are the two shank muscles crossing at the knee ?
gastrocnemii and plantaris
what three movements does the knee do ?
flexes, extends and rotates
when standing what do your knees do ?
locks into place
what does your knee do in regards to standing ?
promotes stability and efficiency
how does the femur move when standing ?
femur internally rotates
what is the popliteus ?
triangular muscle found posterior of the knee
what are the attachments of the popliteus ?
lateral femoral condyle and posterior tibia
what is the action of the popliteus ?
unlocks the knee
what nerve does the popliteus innervate ?
tibial nerve
what is the patellofemoral joint ?
joint that exists between the femur and patella
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body ?
the patella
when extending how does the patella move ?
superiorly
what causes patellar dislocation ?
due to pull of vestus lateralis (generally bigger than medialis)
what is patellar dislocation resisted by ?
vastus medialis and high lateral femoral condyle
patellar dislocations usually happen to what side of the knee ?
primarily to the lateral side
what is a bursae ?
closed fluid filled sac that acts as a cushion layer to reduce friction
why are bursae’s impotrant ?
they provide protection to the tendons and skin that are crossing over bony elements
what three joints exist within the knee ?
- femoritibial
- patellofemoral
- superior/proximal tibiofivular joit
what five groups of muscles act on the knee ?
- anterior thigh
- posterior thigh
- meidal thigh
- shank
- popliteus
what mechanism allows standing to be far less intensive ?
“screw-home” mechanism
between the tibia and fibula which bears more weight ?
tibia
why is the ankle mortis imporant ?
important for articulation at the ankle
what is the main function of the fibula ?
provides rational stability
what is the tibia and fibula joined by ?
the interosseous membrane
what is the interosseous membrane ?
a thick sheath that connects the two bones (tibia and fibula) together and maintains this orientation
what are the four borders of the popliteal fossa ?
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
- medial gastrocnemius
- lateral gastrocnemius
what are the three main contents of the popliteal fossa ?
- popliteal artery
- popliteal vein
- sciatic nerve
what is the popliteal fossa ?
diamond shaped space behind the knee
what is the popliteal fossa a key passageway for ?
neurovascular moving from the thigh into the shank
what are the four compartments of the shank ?
- anterior
- lateal
- deep posterior
- superficial posterior
what nerve is attached to the anterior (dorsiflexors) of the shaft ?
deep peroneal nerve
what nerve is attached to the lateral (evertors) of the shaft ?
superficial peroneal fibular nerve
what nerve is attached to the deep posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?
tibial nerve
what nerve is attached to the superficial posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?
tibial nervw
what are the three muscles of the anterior compartment (TDM)
tom, dick and harry
what innervates then anterior compartment ?
deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
what muscle is reposnible for the lateral compartment of lower leg ?
fibularis longus
where does the fibularis longs begin and end (anatomically)
starts at head of fibula and goes all the way down and wraps around ankle to the toe
what innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg ?
superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
which two branches will the fibular head split to form ?
deep and superficial branches
what two muscles are responsible for the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg ?
gastrocnemius medial head and gastrocnemius lateral head
what two movements is the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for ?
knee flexion and plantar flexion
what three muscles are responsible for the deep posterior compartment region of the lower leg ?
flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior
what nerve innervates the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg ?
tibial nerve
what 5 nerves innervate at the foot/ankle ?
- TP
- FDL
- A
- N
- FHL
what is the acronym for the nerves at the flexor retinaculum (foot/ankle) ?
tom, dick, and not harry
where is the tibial nerve coursing out of ?
popliteal fossa
what two compartments of the posterior compartment will the tibial nerve innervate ?
superficial and deep
where does the tibial nerve course?
innervate both of the posterior compartments, then going to course around the medial malleolus and is then going to go into the foot
what are the three anterior muscles of the shank ?
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
what are the three deep posterior muscles of the shank ?
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
what are the two lateral muscles of the shank ?
- peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus (fibula’s) brevis
what represents a transition zone from the thigh to the shank?
popliteal fossa
what are the four superficial posterior muscles of the shank ?
- gastrocs
- soleus
- plantaris
- popliteus
what are retinacula?
thick fibrous bands which hold tendons in place when they cross the ankle
what is ankle mortise ?
u shape area at the end of the tibia and fibule together for articulation
what is the job of the tarsal bones ?
allow for a little bit of mobility through the foot
what are the 7 types of bones of the tarsals ?
- phalanges
- metatarsals
- cuneiforms
- navicular
- cuboid
- talus
- calcaneus
what are the three bones of the cuneiforms called ?
medial, intermediate and lateral
what are the three divisions of the phalanx (phalanges) ?
distal, middle and proximal
what bone is at the posterior of the foot ?
calcaneus
what two bones connect to create the ankle mortise ?
tibia and fibula
what are the three joints of the ankle ?
- distal tibiofibular joint
- talocrural joint
- subtalar joint
which ankle joint is found under the tailus ?
subtler joint
which ankle joint is at the distal aspect ?
distal tibiofibular joint
which joint has articulation between the tibia and fibula ?
distal tibiofibular joint
what type of joint is the ankle ?
hinged synovial joint
what is a high ankle sprain ?
tearing of anterior/posterior tib-fib ligament ?
what usually causses high ankle sprain ?
lateral rotation of the foot
what happens to the ankle mortise when there is a high ankle sprain ?
ankle mortise spreads which causes stress on these ligaments
moving toes up and down (dorsi- and plantar flexion) is the responsibility of what joint ?
crural joint
the crural joint is articulation between the :
ankle mortise and talus
what are the three ligaments of the crural joint ?
- posterior talofibular
- anterior talofibular
- calcaneofibular
what ligament is found on the medial side of the crural joint ? (looks like a triangle)
deltoid ligament
what is torn during an ankle inversion sprain ?
anterior talofibular ligament
what is a sprain ?
a tear between ligaments (bone to bone)
what grade sprain is defined by”stretching or slight tear with mild tearing, swelling, and stiffness”
grade 1
what grade sprain is defined by “incomplete tear with moderate pain, swelling and bruising”
grade 2
what grade sprain is defined by “complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising and instability”
grade 3
where is the subtler joint found ?
below the tailus
what movement does the subtler joint permit ?
inversion and eversion at the ankle
what are the three ligaments of the subtalar joint ?
- cervical ligament
- medial talocalcaneal ligament
- lateral talocalcaneal
what are the flexors and extensors of the tibialis ?
flexors = tibialis posterior
extensors = tibialis anterior
what are the flexors and extensors of the digitorum ?
flexors = flexor digitorum longus
extensors = extensor digitorum longus
what are the flexors and extensors of the hallucis ?
flexors = flexor hallucis longus
extensors = extensor hallucis longus
what are the flexors of the achilles ?
lat + med gastrocnemii, plantaris and soleus
what are the flexors of the peroneal ?
peroneus brevis and peroneus longus
if you have pain on the lateral aspect of the foot and significant swelling you may have ……
base of the 5th avulsion
what sport is base of the 5th avulsion common in ?
tennis
how many joints exist at the ankle ?
3
what are the three joints that exist at the ankle ?
- distal tibiofibular
- crural
- sub-talar
what movement is done by the distal tibiofibilar joint ?
limited movement (syndesmosis)
what movement is done by the crural joint ?
dorsi/plantar flexion
what movement is done by the sub-talar joint ?
ankle inversion/eversion
what joint is the knee ?
hinge
what’s on top epicondyle or condyle ?
epicondyle
where is the intercondylar notch located ?
in between the medial and lateral condyle
what is the sole line ?
where soles muscles attach
what two joints make the knee joint ?
femorotibial and patellofemoral
which upper leg muscles are responsible for extension ?
quads
what are the two menisci at the knee called ?
lateral and medial menisci
what does collateral mean ?
anything along the side of joint area
what does the ACL and PCL do ?
stabilize the knee
while standing which way does the femur twist in order to lock ?
medial
while standing which way does the femur twist in order to unlock ?
lateral
what does the popliteus do ?
unlocks the knee
what is the ankle mortise ?
where the fibula and fibula interact at the foot
what two thing does the sciatic nerve become ?
tibial and fibular/peroneal nerve
what are the four nerves that surround the popliteal fossa ?
- semimembranous
- biceps femoris
- lateral gastrocnemius
- medial gastrocnemius
what does the extensor hallucis longus innervate ?
big toe
what muscles goes down to the digits ?
digitorum longus
what is the power muscle of the calfs ?
soleus
which ankle joint connect at ankle mortise ?
talocrual joint
a high ankle sprain usually =
fibular fracture
what are the three ankle crural joints ?
- posterior talofibular
- calcaneofibular
- anterior talofibular
what ruptures during an ankle inversion?
anterior calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament
