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Anatomy 1060 > Knee to Foot * > Flashcards

Knee to Foot * Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the bones of the knee ?

A

to allow the weight of the body and the thigh to be transferred through to the shank & ankle

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2
Q

what is the main function of the femur ?

A

transmits force from pelvis through the knee

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3
Q

what is the main function of the tibia ?

A

weight bearing

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4
Q

what is the main function of the fibula ?

A

rotational stability

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5
Q

what is the main function of the patella ?

A

increases force production at joint

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6
Q

which anatomical aspect does the fibula exist on ?

A

lateral aspect

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7
Q

why does the fibula exist on the lateral aspect ?

A

because it does not participate in pronation and supination therefore prevents roation

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8
Q

medial vs lateral epicondyle

A

lateral = outer region of knee
medial = inner region of knee

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9
Q

what two joints create the joints of the knee ?

A

femorotibial + patellofemoral

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10
Q

what are the two functions of the knee ?

A
  • transit zone (connects the thigh to shank)
  • standing & location (stability vs mobility)
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11
Q

what is more mobile; the knee or elbow ?

A

knee is more mobile

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12
Q

what 3 factors contribute to joint stability/mobility of the knee ?

A
  1. shape and arrangement of articulating surfaces
  2. ligaments crossing the joint
  3. tone of surrounding muscles
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13
Q

what is menisci ?

A

is the plural of meniscus and it acts to protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends (prevents wear and tear injuries)

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14
Q

what are three functions of the menisci ?

A
  • deepen + stabilize articulating surfaces
  • fibrocartilage shock absorberes
  • protects underlying hyaline cartilage + bones
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15
Q

what happens in the case of repaired meniscus ?

A

they can be stitched to hold together; important for kinematics of the knee

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16
Q

what are the four ligaments of the knee ?

A
  • medial collateral ligament
  • lateral collateral ligament
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
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17
Q

what is the function of the collateral ligmaments of the knee ?

A

provide mediolateral stbilization

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18
Q

what does ACL stand for ?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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19
Q

what is the function of the ACL when foot is planted ?

A

prevent femur moving posteriorly on tibia

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20
Q

what is the function of the ACL when foot is free ?

A

prevents tibia from moving anteriorly under femur

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21
Q

what is the function of the PCL when foot is planted ?

A

prevents femur from moving anterior on tibia

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22
Q

what is the function of the PCL when foot is free ?

A

prevents tibia from moving posterior under femur

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23
Q

what is the cruciate ligaments named after ?

A

named based on tibia attachment position

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24
Q

what is a PCL rupture ?

A

hyperextension of the knee

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25
Q

what is an ACL rupture ?

A

rotation of the knee

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26
Q

an ACL rupture is a blow to _____

A

the lateral femur

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27
Q

an RCL rupture is a blow to _____

A

the tibial tuberosity

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28
Q

what is the joint capsule of the knee lined by ?

A

synovial membrane

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29
Q

what muscles cross at the knee ?

A
  • quadriceps femoris muscle group
  • hamstring group muscles
  • shank muscles
  • popliteus
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30
Q

what are the quadriceps femoris muscles ?

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medius
  • vastus intermedius
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31
Q

what are the hamstring muscles ?

A
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • biceps femoris
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32
Q

what are the two shank muscles crossing at the knee ?

A

gastrocnemii and plantaris

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33
Q

what three movements does the knee do ?

A

flexes, extends and rotates

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34
Q

when standing what do your knees do ?

A

locks into place

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35
Q

what does your knee do in regards to standing ?

A

promotes stability and efficiency

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36
Q

how does the femur move when standing ?

A

femur internally rotates

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37
Q

what is the popliteus ?

A

triangular muscle found posterior of the knee

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38
Q

what are the attachments of the popliteus ?

A

lateral femoral condyle and posterior tibia

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39
Q

what is the action of the popliteus ?

A

unlocks the knee

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40
Q

what nerve does the popliteus innervate ?

A

tibial nerve

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41
Q

what is the patellofemoral joint ?

A

joint that exists between the femur and patella

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42
Q

what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body ?

A

the patella

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43
Q

when extending how does the patella move ?

A

superiorly

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44
Q

what causes patellar dislocation ?

A

due to pull of vestus lateralis (generally bigger than medialis)

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45
Q

what is patellar dislocation resisted by ?

A

vastus medialis and high lateral femoral condyle

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46
Q

patellar dislocations usually happen to what side of the knee ?

A

primarily to the lateral side

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47
Q

what is a bursae ?

A

closed fluid filled sac that acts as a cushion layer to reduce friction

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48
Q

why are bursae’s impotrant ?

A

they provide protection to the tendons and skin that are crossing over bony elements

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49
Q

what three joints exist within the knee ?

A
  • femoritibial
  • patellofemoral
  • superior/proximal tibiofivular joit
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50
Q

what five groups of muscles act on the knee ?

A
  • anterior thigh
  • posterior thigh
  • meidal thigh
  • shank
  • popliteus
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51
Q

what mechanism allows standing to be far less intensive ?

A

“screw-home” mechanism

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52
Q

between the tibia and fibula which bears more weight ?

A

tibia

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53
Q

why is the ankle mortis imporant ?

A

important for articulation at the ankle

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54
Q

what is the main function of the fibula ?

A

provides rational stability

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55
Q

what is the tibia and fibula joined by ?

A

the interosseous membrane

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56
Q

what is the interosseous membrane ?

A

a thick sheath that connects the two bones (tibia and fibula) together and maintains this orientation

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57
Q

what are the four borders of the popliteal fossa ?

A
  • semimembranosus
  • biceps femoris
  • medial gastrocnemius
  • lateral gastrocnemius
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58
Q

what are the three main contents of the popliteal fossa ?

A
  • popliteal artery
  • popliteal vein
  • sciatic nerve
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59
Q

what is the popliteal fossa ?

A

diamond shaped space behind the knee

60
Q

what is the popliteal fossa a key passageway for ?

A

neurovascular moving from the thigh into the shank

61
Q

what are the four compartments of the shank ?

A
  • anterior
  • lateal
  • deep posterior
  • superficial posterior
62
Q

what nerve is attached to the anterior (dorsiflexors) of the shaft ?

A

deep peroneal nerve

63
Q

what nerve is attached to the lateral (evertors) of the shaft ?

A

superficial peroneal fibular nerve

64
Q

what nerve is attached to the deep posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?

A

tibial nerve

65
Q

what nerve is attached to the superficial posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?

A

tibial nervw

66
Q

what are the three muscles of the anterior compartment (TDM)

A

tom, dick and harry

67
Q

what innervates then anterior compartment ?

A

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve

68
Q

what muscle is reposnible for the lateral compartment of lower leg ?

A

fibularis longus

69
Q

where does the fibularis longs begin and end (anatomically)

A

starts at head of fibula and goes all the way down and wraps around ankle to the toe

70
Q

what innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg ?

A

superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve

71
Q

which two branches will the fibular head split to form ?

A

deep and superficial branches

72
Q

what two muscles are responsible for the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg ?

A

gastrocnemius medial head and gastrocnemius lateral head

73
Q

what two movements is the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for ?

A

knee flexion and plantar flexion

74
Q

what three muscles are responsible for the deep posterior compartment region of the lower leg ?

A

flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior

75
Q

what nerve innervates the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg ?

A

tibial nerve

76
Q

what 5 nerves innervate at the foot/ankle ?

A
  • TP
  • FDL
  • A
  • N
  • FHL
77
Q

what is the acronym for the nerves at the flexor retinaculum (foot/ankle) ?

A

tom, dick, and not harry

78
Q

where is the tibial nerve coursing out of ?

A

popliteal fossa

79
Q

what two compartments of the posterior compartment will the tibial nerve innervate ?

A

superficial and deep

80
Q

where does the tibial nerve course?

A

innervate both of the posterior compartments, then going to course around the medial malleolus and is then going to go into the foot

81
Q

what are the three anterior muscles of the shank ?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
82
Q

what are the three deep posterior muscles of the shank ?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
83
Q

what are the two lateral muscles of the shank ?

A
  • peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus (fibula’s) brevis
84
Q

what represents a transition zone from the thigh to the shank?

A

popliteal fossa

85
Q

what are the four superficial posterior muscles of the shank ?

A
  • gastrocs
  • soleus
  • plantaris
  • popliteus
86
Q

what are retinacula?

A

thick fibrous bands which hold tendons in place when they cross the ankle

87
Q

what is ankle mortise ?

A

u shape area at the end of the tibia and fibule together for articulation

88
Q

what is the job of the tarsal bones ?

A

allow for a little bit of mobility through the foot

89
Q

what are the 7 types of bones of the tarsals ?

A
  • phalanges
  • metatarsals
  • cuneiforms
  • navicular
  • cuboid
  • talus
  • calcaneus
90
Q

what are the three bones of the cuneiforms called ?

A

medial, intermediate and lateral

91
Q

what are the three divisions of the phalanx (phalanges) ?

A

distal, middle and proximal

92
Q

what bone is at the posterior of the foot ?

A

calcaneus

93
Q

what two bones connect to create the ankle mortise ?

A

tibia and fibula

94
Q

what are the three joints of the ankle ?

A
  • distal tibiofibular joint
  • talocrural joint
  • subtalar joint
95
Q

which ankle joint is found under the tailus ?

A

subtler joint

96
Q

which ankle joint is at the distal aspect ?

A

distal tibiofibular joint

97
Q

which joint has articulation between the tibia and fibula ?

A

distal tibiofibular joint

98
Q

what type of joint is the ankle ?

A

hinged synovial joint

99
Q

what is a high ankle sprain ?

A

tearing of anterior/posterior tib-fib ligament ?

100
Q

what usually causses high ankle sprain ?

A

lateral rotation of the foot

101
Q

what happens to the ankle mortise when there is a high ankle sprain ?

A

ankle mortise spreads which causes stress on these ligaments

102
Q

moving toes up and down (dorsi- and plantar flexion) is the responsibility of what joint ?

A

crural joint

103
Q

the crural joint is articulation between the :

A

ankle mortise and talus

104
Q

what are the three ligaments of the crural joint ?

A
  • posterior talofibular
  • anterior talofibular
  • calcaneofibular
105
Q

what ligament is found on the medial side of the crural joint ? (looks like a triangle)

A

deltoid ligament

106
Q

what is torn during an ankle inversion sprain ?

A

anterior talofibular ligament

107
Q

what is a sprain ?

A

a tear between ligaments (bone to bone)

108
Q

what grade sprain is defined by”stretching or slight tear with mild tearing, swelling, and stiffness”

A

grade 1

109
Q

what grade sprain is defined by “incomplete tear with moderate pain, swelling and bruising”

A

grade 2

110
Q

what grade sprain is defined by “complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising and instability”

A

grade 3

111
Q

where is the subtler joint found ?

A

below the tailus

112
Q

what movement does the subtler joint permit ?

A

inversion and eversion at the ankle

113
Q

what are the three ligaments of the subtalar joint ?

A
  • cervical ligament
  • medial talocalcaneal ligament
  • lateral talocalcaneal
114
Q

what are the flexors and extensors of the tibialis ?

A

flexors = tibialis posterior
extensors = tibialis anterior

115
Q

what are the flexors and extensors of the digitorum ?

A

flexors = flexor digitorum longus
extensors = extensor digitorum longus

116
Q

what are the flexors and extensors of the hallucis ?

A

flexors = flexor hallucis longus
extensors = extensor hallucis longus

117
Q

what are the flexors of the achilles ?

A

lat + med gastrocnemii, plantaris and soleus

118
Q

what are the flexors of the peroneal ?

A

peroneus brevis and peroneus longus

119
Q

if you have pain on the lateral aspect of the foot and significant swelling you may have ……

A

base of the 5th avulsion

120
Q

what sport is base of the 5th avulsion common in ?

A

tennis

121
Q

how many joints exist at the ankle ?

A

3

122
Q

what are the three joints that exist at the ankle ?

A
  • distal tibiofibular
  • crural
  • sub-talar
123
Q

what movement is done by the distal tibiofibilar joint ?

A

limited movement (syndesmosis)

124
Q

what movement is done by the crural joint ?

A

dorsi/plantar flexion

125
Q

what movement is done by the sub-talar joint ?

A

ankle inversion/eversion

126
Q

what joint is the knee ?

A

hinge

127
Q

what’s on top epicondyle or condyle ?

A

epicondyle

128
Q

where is the intercondylar notch located ?

A

in between the medial and lateral condyle

129
Q

what is the sole line ?

A

where soles muscles attach

130
Q

what two joints make the knee joint ?

A

femorotibial and patellofemoral

131
Q

which upper leg muscles are responsible for extension ?

A

quads

132
Q

what are the two menisci at the knee called ?

A

lateral and medial menisci

133
Q

what does collateral mean ?

A

anything along the side of joint area

134
Q

what does the ACL and PCL do ?

A

stabilize the knee

135
Q

while standing which way does the femur twist in order to lock ?

A

medial

136
Q

while standing which way does the femur twist in order to unlock ?

A

lateral

137
Q

what does the popliteus do ?

A

unlocks the knee

138
Q

what is the ankle mortise ?

A

where the fibula and fibula interact at the foot

139
Q

what two thing does the sciatic nerve become ?

A

tibial and fibular/peroneal nerve

140
Q

what are the four nerves that surround the popliteal fossa ?

A
  • semimembranous
  • biceps femoris
  • lateral gastrocnemius
  • medial gastrocnemius
141
Q

what does the extensor hallucis longus innervate ?

A

big toe

142
Q

what muscles goes down to the digits ?

A

digitorum longus

143
Q

what is the power muscle of the calfs ?

A

soleus

144
Q

which ankle joint connect at ankle mortise ?

A

talocrual joint

145
Q

a high ankle sprain usually =

A

fibular fracture

146
Q

what are the three ankle crural joints ?

A
  • posterior talofibular
  • calcaneofibular
  • anterior talofibular
147
Q

what ruptures during an ankle inversion?

A

anterior calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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