Axial Muscles * Flashcards
what is the thoracic cage composed of ?
- 12 ribs
- sternum
- costal cartiladge
- thoracic vertebrae
what is the organization of our 12 ribs ?
- 7 true
- 3 false
- 2 floating
what are the three bones of the sternum ?
manubrium, body and xyphoid process
how many thoracic vertebrae’s are there ?
12
what is the main job of the thoracic cage ?
designed to protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs, etc.
what are the two joints found within the vertebraes ?
constovertebral and costotransverse
ribs articulate with the vertebrae at the ________ aspect of the thoracic cage
posterior
how many vertebrae does the spine have ?
24
what three parts is the spine divided into ?
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
acronym to remember the order of the spine ?
CTL (certified table lover)
how many fused vertebrae are found at the sacrum ?
5
what bones are found on the spine ?
24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
what type of vertebrae is the largest ?
lumbar
what type of vertebrae is the smallest ?
cervical
how many fused vertebrae are found at the coccyx ?
3-5
what are the two large fossae’s of the Os Coxae ?
gluteal and iliac fossea
what is the ox coxae ?
one of three bones that make up the pelvis
what are the bones of the pelvic girdle ?
sacrum, os coxae, sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis
where do spinal nerves exit through on the spinal cord ?
going to exit through the intervertebral foramen
dorsal is responsible for what neurons ?
sensory
ventral is responsible for what neurons ?
motor
how do sensory neurons travel ?
from pseydounipolar sensory neurons
how do sensory neurons travel ?
dorsal rami -> dorsal root -> dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal horn
how do motor neurons travel ?
ventral root -> spinal nerve -> ventral rami
how does sensory and motor move in the posterior rami ?
sensory from and motor to; zygapophyseal joints and muscles of deep back
how many things does the posterior ramus innervate ?
two things
what carries more information; anterior ramus or posterior ramus ?
anterior ramus carries far more
what does the dorsal rami most directly innervate ?
muscles of the deep back
deep back muscles are classifies as either _____ or _____
superficial or deep
where are the superficial deep back muscles ?
erector spinae and splenius crevices + captius
what are the three muscles of the erector spinae ?
- iliocostalis
- longisimus
- spinalis
what is the acronym for erector spinae ?
“I like standing”
where is the splenius cervicis located ?
neck
where is the splenius captius located ?
head
what are the three muscles of the transverso-spinal group ?
- semispinalis
- rotatores
- multifidus
what nerve innervates the deep back muscles ?
posterior (dorsi) rami of the spinal nerve
between the erector spinous muscle group which is the most lateral ?
iliocostalis
between the erector spinous muscle group which is the closest to the spine ?
spinalis
what action does the erector spinous group do ?
extend vertebral column and head; laterally flex column
what action does the splenius crevicis do?
laterally flex the neck
what action does the splenius capitis do ?
rotate + extend head
what is an action of a muscle fully dependent on ?
the bones it crosses
what action does the semispinalis do ?
head + neck extension
what action does the multifidus do ?
vertebral extension + stabilization
what action does the rotatores do ?
vertebral extension + stabilization + rotation
which transverso-spinalis group muscle runs almost the whole length of the vertebral collum ?
multifidus
which of the transverso-spinalist group muscles is located the deepest ?
rotatores
what nerve innervates the transfer-spinalis group ?
posterior rami of spinal nerve
how many ribs does the thoracic cage have ?
24
what is the spine made up of ?
24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx
what innervates the deep muscles ?
dorsal rami
the deep muscles include: ____ , ____ and ____
- erector-spinae muscles
- splenius cervicis + capitus
- transverso-spinalis group
which nerves is it that are exciting out of your spinal cord ?
spinal nerves
spinal nerves carry both ____ and ____ information
motor and sensory
between brain and muscles; how do motor nerves travel ?
from brain to muscles
between brain and periphery; how do sensory nerves travel ?
from periphery to brain
where is the anterior rami located ?
in thorax (intercostal nerve)
how does sensory and motor move in the anterior rami ?
sensory from and motor to; everywhere else
what are the intercostal nerves ?
vein, artery, nerve (superior to inferior)
where do the intercostal nerves travel ?
travel in costal groove (inferior to rib) for protection
what is the acronym for the intercostal nerves ?
VAN
what is the function of the intercostal nerves ?
provides segment innervation throughout the thorax
what are the three intercostal muscles that exist between the ribs?
external, internal and innermost
what does the external intercostal muscle do ?
elevates ribs
which muscles are used during inspiration ?
external intercostal muscles
which muscles are used during forces expiration ?
internal and intermost intercostal muscles
what do the internal and innermost intercostal muscles do ?
depresses ribs
what innervates the intercostal muscles ?
intercostal nerve
the external and the internal/innermost intercostal muscles run in opposite direction… in which way do they each move ?
external = hands in pocket
internal/innermost = hands at collar
what happens to the pressure of the abdominal cavity when the diaphragm contracts ?
increase in pressure
do contractions of the diaphragm lower or raise domes ?
lower
what are the three openings of the diaphragm ?
- caval opening (vena cava)
- esophageal hiatus
- aortic hiatus W
what innervates the diaphragm ?
the phrenic nerve
at what vertebrae does the diaphragm begin and end ?
T8 and T12
what two cavities does the diaphragm separate ?
thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
what innevates the abdominal muscles ?
anterior rami
what are the four muscles of the abdomin ?
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominus
- tramsversus abdominus
which way does the external oblique muscle travel ?
from outside in
which way does the internal oblique muscle travel ?
from inside to out
which way does the rectus abdomens travel ?
up to down (vertical)
which way does transversus abdominus travel ?
side to side (horizontal)
how many of the four abdominal muscles “compress abdomen” ?
all 4
how many of the four abdominal muscles “flex vertebral column” ?
external oblique, internal oblique and rectus abdominus
how many of the four abdominal muscles “rotate vertebral column + lateral bending” ?
external and internal oblique
what happens to the abdominal pressure the the abdomen is compressed ?
increase abdominal pressure
what is an example of flexed vertebral column in the abdominal muscles ?
sit-ups
what are the landmarks of the external oblique muscles ?
linea semilunari (side part) and external oblique aponeurosis
what are the landmarks of the internal oblique ?
internal oblique aponeurosis/rectus sheath (anterior)
what are the landmarks of the rectus abdominus ?
linea alabando inguinal ligament
what are the landmarks of the transversus andominus ?
internal oblique aponeurosis/rectus sheath (posterior), arcuate line and transversals fascia
where is the arcuate line located ?
just above the belly button for most people
what is the function of the arcuate line ?
to supply blood to the inferior portion of the anterior abdominal wall
what are some differences between the above and below arcuate line ?
- the below arcuate line has no sheath, no posterior sheath and only one layer on the bottom which is the transversalis fascia
- the above arcuate line has the rectus sheath all around, the rectus sheath superficial while the transversus abdomens and transversals fascia both more deep
what is diastasis recti ?
clinical condition where we see a separation of the fascia at the linea alba
within what population is diastasis recti common ?
- during or following pregnancy, especially with :
carrying larger or multiple babies, mom of smaller stature or aged 35+ - also sometimes seen with newborns
what is the treatment for diastasis recti ?
- stop all abdominal exercises during pregnancy
- post-pregnancy ; exercise & physiotherapy
- sometimes surgery is needed
when are lungs undertension ?
when breathing
what muscles are used during inspiration ?
diaphragm and external intercostals
what muscles are used during active expiration ?
internal and innermost intercostals
what action is being done when lung volume increases ?
inspiration ( increase in thoracic cavity )
what action is being done when lung volume is decreased ?
expiration ( decrease in thoracic cavity )
what nerve is the thoracic and abdominal muscles innervated by ?
anterior rami
what are the thoracic muscles ?
external, internal and innermost intercostals
what is the arcuate line ?
a facial division within the abdomen ?
