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Anatomy 1060 > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the nervous system ?

A
  • enables the body to react continuous change in its internal and external environments
  • controls and integrates bodily activity
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2
Q

what are the two specialized cells in the nervous system ?

A

neurons and neuroglia

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3
Q

what are neurons ?

A

sensory + motor

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4
Q

what are neuroglia ?

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

which specialized cell in the nervous system “transmits information and its myelinated cells transmit signals faster” ?

A

neurons

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6
Q

which specialized cell in the nervous system “non neural, non excitable cells, 5x as abundant as neurons and support cells for neurons”

A

neuroglia

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7
Q

describe the neuroglia cells of the CNS:

A

oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

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8
Q

describe the neuroglia cells of the PNS:

A

satellite cells, Schwann cells

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9
Q

what happens at the cell body ?

A

this is what’s going to integrate all of the signals together and decide whether or not the neurone is actually going to send an AP

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10
Q

what happens at the trigger zone ?

A

where all of those pieces of information are summed together

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11
Q

what happens when you reach threshold …

A

you get an action potential

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12
Q

what is an axon ?

A

a wire connecting the cell body to the periphery, the signals is transmitted down the axon to reach wherever its going

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13
Q

what does myelin sheath do ?

A

helps with a faster conduction

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14
Q

what does the axon terminal do ?

A

end of the neuron, where you are going to see a synapse

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15
Q

what do the dendrites do ?

A

what collect the information, going to synapse with any number of other rings, typically other neurons

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16
Q

where is a multipolar motor neuron found ?

A

ANS and skeletal muscle control

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17
Q

where are pseudounipolar sensory neurons found ?

A

sensory signalling

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18
Q

difference between a pseudounipolar sensory neuron and a multipolar motor neuron:

A

going opposite direction because sensory neurones carry info from the periphery to your brain, whereas motor neurons carry info from your brain to the periphery

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19
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies called ?

A

a ganglia

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20
Q

what are neuroglia ?

A

supportive cells for neurons

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21
Q

what do CNS - oligodendrocytes do ?

A
  • forms several myelin sheaths
  • myelinated sections of several axons
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22
Q

what do PNS - Schwann cells do ?

A
  • forms one myelin sheath
  • myelinated one secretion of an axon
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23
Q

what can u say about the structure of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cells ?

A

these cells mirror each other

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24
Q

can myelinated and unmyelinated axons both have Schwann cells ?

A

yes

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25
Q

describe the structure of oligodendrocytes :

A
  • single cell body
  • interacting with multiple axons and thus multiple neurons
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26
Q

describe the structure of Schwann cells:

A
  • nucleus location is different because Schwann cells exist as a single myelin wrapping
  • the nucleus of it exists as part of the myelin sheath
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27
Q

is multiple sclerosis slow or fast progession ?

A

slow progression

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28
Q

what is the onset ages of multiple sclerosis ?

A

20 - 50

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29
Q

life expectancy decreases _____ years when diagnosed with multiple sclerosis ?

A

7 - 14

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30
Q

is there a cure to multiple sclerosis ?

A

no cure

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31
Q

can oligodendrocytes repaire themseleves ?

A

no

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32
Q

describe progression of Guillain-barre syndrome:

A

progression over days to weeks

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33
Q

what are does guilain-barre syndrome afflict ?

A

any age (more common with over 40)

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34
Q

is multiple sclerosis CNS or PNS ?

A

CNS

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35
Q

is Guillain-barrre syndrom CNS or PNS ?

A

PNS

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36
Q

what is the recover rate of Guillain-barre syndrome ?

A

80-90% recover within 2-4 weeks

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37
Q

can Schwann cells repair themselves ?

A

yes

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38
Q

describe propagation + depolarization :

A

electrical signal propagation is caused by progressive depolarization of the cells

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39
Q

what is resting membrane potential ?

A

-80mV

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40
Q

what does the plasma membrane alone the outside do ?

A

separates the interior of the cell from the exterior of the cell

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41
Q

what is the “trigger zone” ?

A

where multiple stimuli (received through dendrites) can sum to initiate an “action potential”

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42
Q

describe the four steps occurring during signal propagation + depolarization:

A

a) resting membrane potential @ - 80mV
b) Na+ rushes in via voltage gated channels = depolarization
c) K+ flows out of cell = repolarization
d) Na+/K+ exchange pump restores balance of ions

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43
Q

what two factors does conduction velocity depends upon:

A
  • large fiber diameter = faster conduction velocity
  • myelination = faster conduction velocity (saltatory conduction)
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44
Q

what is the term described by “ once a synaptic cleft is reached, neurotransmitters must be released to continue signal transmission from one neuron to another neuron or effector organ” ?

A

neuronal synapse

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45
Q

what do we use when the electrical signal cant jump across that sign up, or that gap…

A

neurotransmitters

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46
Q

in order to continue the transmission from one neuron to another what must we release ?

A

neurotransmitters

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47
Q

what are the steps of a neuronal synapse ?

A
  1. impulse arrives at end bulb
  2. voltage gates Ca2 channels open, Ca2 flows into cell
  3. increased Ca2 causes neurotransmitter release
  4. neurotransmitters cross synaptic cleft to bind receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  5. voltage gated channels open, allowing Na to enter cell
  6. post synaptic cells depolarizes
  7. nerve impulse initiated
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48
Q

what is the function of the axon ?

A

conduct electrical synapse

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49
Q

what is the function of the trigger zone ?

A

receive input signals

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50
Q

what is the function of the axon terminal ?

A

area where electrical activity is somewhere prior to transmission

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51
Q

what is the function of the nucleus ?

A

contains genetic information of cell

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52
Q

what is the function of the cell body (soma) ?

A

contains nucleus, protein synthesis, AP generated here

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53
Q

what is the function of the node of ranvier ?

A

spaces between myelin (for salutary conduction)

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54
Q

what are myelin sheaths made from ?

A

formed from Schwann cells

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55
Q

what are the two division of nervous system structures ?

A

anatomical/structural and functional

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56
Q

is the CNS anatomical/structural or functional ?

A

anatomical/structural

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57
Q

what are the parts of the CNS ?

A

brain and spinal cord

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58
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system ?

A

everything either than brain and spinal cord

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59
Q

what us the autonomic nervous system ?

A
  • viscera and glands
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60
Q

what is the viscera ?

A

involuntary smooth muscle

61
Q

what is the somatic nervous system ?

A

everything else (either than visera and glands)

62
Q

where does sensory information originate ?

A

in the peripheral nervous system

63
Q

where does the PNS synapse ?

A

in a ganglia

64
Q

describe cranial nerves vs spinal nerves:

A

basically the same thing

65
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system ?

A

CNS and PNS

66
Q

what are the two subdivision of the PNS ?

A

sensory and motor

67
Q

what two divisions does sensory further divide into ?

A

somatic (body) and autonomic)

68
Q

what two division does the motor further divide into ?

A

autonomic and somatic

69
Q

what does motor autonomic divide into ?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

70
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

fight and flight

71
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

rest and digest

72
Q

what is your gray matter ?

A

ganglion and cortex & nucleus

73
Q

what is your white matter ?

A

pathway and nerves

74
Q

what is the gray and white matter in the CNS ?

A

gray = cortex and nucleus
white = pathway

75
Q

what is the gray and white matter in the PNS ?

A

gray = ganglion
white = nerve

76
Q

where is white matter found in the brain ?

A

inside

77
Q

where is gray matter found in the brain ?

A

outside

78
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system ?

A

neurons and neuroglia

79
Q

what are the two types of neurons ?

A

multipolar motor neurons & pseudounipolar sensory neurons

80
Q

what are the two types of neuroglia ?

A

oligodendrocytes & schwann cells

81
Q

why does neural signal propagation occur ?

A

because of progressive cell depolarization +neurotransmitter release at the synaptic cleft

82
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem ?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
83
Q

how many hemispheres overlie the brainstem ?

A

two

84
Q

what are the hemispheres of the brain divided by ?

A

longitudinal fissure

85
Q

how do hemispheres of the brain communicate by ?

A

corpus callosum

86
Q

_______ tract is a bundle of axons ?

A

white fiber

87
Q

what is a fissure ?

A

deep groove

88
Q

what is a sulcus ?

A

shallow groove

89
Q

what is a gyrus ?

A

ridge

90
Q

what are the lobes of the brain ?

A
  • parietal lobe
  • frontal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
91
Q

what is the responsibility of the frontal lobe ?

A
  • behaviour and emotional control
  • personality
  • problem solving (reasoning & judgement)
92
Q

what happens if you damage the Broca’s area ?

A

if damaged, difficulty producing language

93
Q

in what lobe is the Broca’s area located ?

A

frontal lobe

94
Q

what is the responsibility of the parietal lobe ?

A
  • integrated sensory information
  • processing and perception of touch, pain and proprioception
95
Q

what lobe is responsible for voluntary motor activity (pre-central gyrus) ?

A

frontal lobe

96
Q

what lobe is responsible for post central gyrus sensory reception (touch) ?

A

parietal lobe

97
Q

perception of language is found where in the brain ?

A

wernicke’s area

98
Q

in what lobe is the wernicke’s area found ?

A

parietal lobe

99
Q

what happens if there is damage to the wernicke’s area ?

A

if damaged, difficulty understanding speech

100
Q

what is the responsibility of the temporal lobe ?

A
  • auditory information processing
  • processes language (semantics and naming)
  • process smell
101
Q

what lobe is responsible for process of smell ?

A

temporal lobe

102
Q

what is the responsibility of the occipital lobe ?

A

receives and processes visual information

103
Q

what are the three parts of the diencephalon ?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
104
Q

what is the responsibility of the thalamus ?

A

gatekeeper for sensory information

105
Q

what is the responsibility of the hypothalmus ?

A

maintain homeostasis

106
Q

what is the responsibility of the pituitary gland ?

A

secretes hormones

107
Q

what does the midbrain do ?

A

connect brainstem to cortex

108
Q

what do the pons do ?

A
  • connect cerebrum to cerebellum + medulla
  • transmit sensory information to brain from periphery
109
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do ?

A
  • continuous with spinal cord
110
Q

what are the two parts of the medulla oblongata ?

A

pyramid (center) and olive (lateral)

111
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum ?

A
  • coordination of voluntary movement
  • controls balance and equilibrium
  • integrated proposed movement with current body position
  • monitors and makes adjustments to correct motor plan
112
Q

what are the two types of matter of the spinal cord ?

A

white and gray

113
Q

describe white matter:

A
  • periphery
  • longitudinal tracts of axons
    sensory (to brain) & motor (from brain)
114
Q

in what matter fo bundles of axons travel from you brain though the spinal cord?

A

white matter

115
Q

why is white matter “white” ?

A

because of myelin on axons

116
Q

describe gray matter:

A
  • central H
  • contains neuron cell bodies and glial cell bodies
117
Q

dorsal horn vs ventral horn

A

dorsal horn = SENSORY
ventral horn = MOTOR

118
Q

in which matter do synapses occur ?

A

gray matter

119
Q

in which matter is the dorsal/ventral horn found ?

A

gray matter

120
Q

what are ventricles ?

A
  • large fluid filled cavities in the brain
  • produce CSF which surround brain and spinal cord within the subarachnoid space
121
Q

what are the three brain/spinal cord meninges ?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

122
Q

describe the dura mater:

A
  • thickest coding
  • on the exterior
  • to protect the brain
  • thickest layer
123
Q

describe the arachnoid mater:

A
  • white and whispy like a spider web
  • little thinner
124
Q

describe the Pia mater:

A
  • thinnest
  • as if been spray painted onto the brain
125
Q

what do meninges do ?

A
  • protect CNS from mechanical damage
    0 supportive framework for vasculature
126
Q

which meninges layer is right next to the skull ?

A

dura mater

127
Q

what is an extracerebral hemorrhage ?

A

hemorrhage outside of the cranial cavity

128
Q

describe the spinal cord meninges:

A

same three layers as brain

129
Q

what happens during a lumbar puncture + epidurals ?

A

sticking needle in lumbar region to access spinal cord

130
Q

why are lumbar puncture + epidurals done ?

A

to sample cerebral fluid

131
Q

what do ventricles produce ?

A

CSF

132
Q

what are the two enlarged areas of the spinal cord ?

A

1) cervical enlargement
2) lumbar enlargement

133
Q

what are the two plexus’ of the cervical enlargarment of the spinal cord ?

A

cervical and brachial plexus

134
Q

what are the two plexus’ od the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord ?

A

lumbar and sacral plexus

135
Q

where does the spinal cord end ?

A

L1/L2 at conus medullaris

136
Q

between dorsal and ventral which is anterior/posterior ?

A

Dorsal = posterior
ventral = anterior

137
Q

what are the contents the ventral root ?

A

motor neurons

138
Q

what are the contents of the dorsal root ?

A

sensory neurons

139
Q

what are the contents of the dorsal root ganglion ?

A

cell body of sensory neurons

140
Q

what are the contents of the spinal nerve ?

A

sensory + motor neurons (goes through intervertebral foramen)

141
Q

what are the contents of the ventral rami ?

A

sensory + motor neurons + autonomic (most named nerves)

142
Q

what are the contents of the dorsal rami ?

A

sensory + motor neurons - to deep back & Z-joints (smaller branches)

143
Q

what two things merge with each other to form a network called a “plexus” ?

A

anterior rami with another anterior rami

144
Q

what is a dermatome ?

A

is an area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve

145
Q

what is a cutaneous ?

A

is an area of the skin innervates by a specific cutaneous nerve

146
Q

the PNS contains both ___ and ___ :

A

motor and sensory information

147
Q

how does motor information travel ?

A

travelling from the spinal cord to the periphery via the anterior (ventral) root

148
Q

how does sensory information travel ?

A

travelling from the periphery to the spinal cord via the posterior (dorsal) root

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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