Glute to Thigh & Hip * Flashcards
what is the main goal of the upper limbs ?
grasping
what is the main goal of the lower limbs ?
weight bearing
where is the lumbosacral plexus located ?
pelvis area
for the lower limbs flexor and extensor faces which way ?
flexor = back (posterior)
extensor = front (anterior)
what are the 5 nerves of the terminal branches ?
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve
- sciatic nerve
- tibial nerve
- fibular nerve
what terminal branch nerve is described by “extensors of knee L2 - L4”
femoral nerve
what terminal branch nerve is described by “adductors of hip (flexor) L2 - L4”
obturator nerve
what terminal branch nerve is described by “tibial and fibular nerves L4 - S3”
sciatic nerve
what terminal branch nerve is described by “flexors of knee plantar flexors & intrinsic flexors of foot”
tibial nerve
what terminal branch nerve is described by “common peroneal; dorsiflexors, extensors & evertors of foot L4 - S2”
fibular nerve
where does the internal iliac artery supply ?
musculature & viscera of the pelvis
where does the external iliac artery supply ?
the lower limb
what do deep veins do ?
return blood during exercise
what do superficial veins do ?
return blood at rest
what is the fascia lata ?
fascial plan that surrounds the deep tissues of the thigh (covers whole leg like stockings)
what are the three compartments that the deep fascia divides the shank into ?
- anterior
- lateral
- posterior
what are the key landmarks on the proximal femur ?
- head
- neck
- fovea
- lesser trochanter
- greater trochanter
- trochanteric fossa
what part of the proximal femur will attach to the pelvis (to create the hip joint) ?
the head
what is the Os Coxae ?
the three bones together at the pelvis
what are the three bones which fuse at the acetabulum ?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubic
where are each of the three bones that fuse at the acetabulum located ?
ilium = hands on hip
ischium = under glutes, where you sit
pubis = more lateral side
what are the three bones of the pelvic girdle ?
sacrum, the os coxae and the femur
where is the iliac crest located ?
the top of pelvis
where is the greater trochanter located ?
near head of femur bone
what is the sacroiliac joint ?
where the ilium and the sacrum horn together
what is the shaft ?
long part of the bone
what are the 5 ligaments of the pelvis ?
- sacrospinous
- sacrotuberous
- sacroiliac
- greater sciatic foramen
- lesser sciatic foramen
what are the three joints of the perlvis ?
- sacroiliac (SI), hip, and pubic symphysis
describe the sacroiliac joint :
- sacrum + ilium
- synovial joint
- relatively immobile due to strong ligaments
describe the pubic symphysis :
- joining of the L & R pubic rami
- cartilaginous joint
- hyaline cartilage on ends of the bones, fibrocartilage in between
- relatively immobile
what are the two main causes of an open book pelvis fracture ?
diastasic symphysis pubis (during child birth) or a traumatic injury
what are two complications of an open book pelvis fracture ?
infection and hemorrhage
what provides all innervation to the lower limb ?
lumbosacral plexus
where does the hip joint connect ?
femoral head + acetabulum
what type of joint is a hip joint ?
ball and socket
what are the three hip joint ligaments ?
- iliofemoral
- pubofemoral
- ischiofemoral
where does the iliofemoral ligament connect ?
ilium to femur
where does the pubofermoral ligament connect ?
pubis to femur
where does the ischiofemoral ligament connect ?
ischium to femur
what are the two intracapsular structures ?
acetabular labrum and ligament of head of the femur
what is a hip fracture ?
foreshortened external rotation
what is a hip dislocation ?
foreshortened internal rotation
_________ helps prevent that rubbing between the gluteal muscles and the bone
greater trochanter
what is a foot drop (hip dislocation) ?
inability to dorsiflex and reduced eversion
what does “dead drop” look like ?
foot hangs, plantar flexed and slightly inverted when raised off of the ground
what anatomically happens when someone has “dead drop” ?
head of femur has translocated posteriorly out of the acetabulum and is pushing up against a nerve
when does “dead drop” occur ?
when the hip is in flexion
what is a femoral neck fracture ?
specific type of intracapsular hip fracture
what is the femoral neck ?
connects the femoral shaft with the femoral head
what four gluteal muscles act on the hip ?
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fascia latae
what five deep rotators muscles act on the hip ?
- obturator externus
- obtrurator internus
- gemelli
- piriformis
- quadrates femoris
what two muscles act on the iliopsoas ?
- iliacus
- psoas
what three thigh muscles act on the hip ?
- flexors
- hamstring
- hip abductors
what is the iliopsoas composed of ?
iliacus and psoas
what is the iliopsoas innervation ?
femoral nerve
what is the iliopsoas function ?
hip flexion
what is the posterior aspect of the hip ?
gluteals
what is the function of the gluteals ?
- hip extension
- lateral rotation
- hip abduction
- medial rotation
what is the innervation of the gluteals ?
inferior gluteal nerve and superior gluteal nerve
what is the function of the deep rotators ?
lateral rotation of hip (hip abduction)
what is the innervation of the deep rotators ?
- nerve to piriformis
- nerve to obturator internus
- nerve to quadrates femoris
- obturator nerve
which hip muscles demonstrate flexion ?
- iliopsoas
- rectus femoris
- satoris
- pectineus
which hip muscles demonstrate extension ?
- gluteus maximus
- semimbranosus
- semitendinosus
- bicep femoris (hamstrings)
which hip muscles demonstrate ABDuction ?
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- piriformis
- tensor fascia latae
which hip muscles demonstrate ADDuction ?
- adductors longus, brevis & magnus
- obturator externus
- pectineus
- gracilis
which hip muscles demonstrate lateral rotation ?
- biceps demoris
- gluteus maximus
- piriformis
(assisted by the obturators, gemilli and quadrates femoris)
which hip muscle demonstrated medial roation ?
- anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus
- tensor fascia latae
what are the three gluteal region nerves ?
- sciatic nerve
- superior gluteal nerve
- inferior gluteal nerve
where is the sciatic nerve located ?
inferior to the piriformis
where is the superior gluteal nerve located ?
superior to piriformis
where is the inferior gluteal nerve ?
inferiori to piriformis
what muscle is located at the sciatic nerve ?
hamstring
what muscle is located at the superior gluteal nerve ?
gluteus medius + minimus and tensor fascia latae
what muscle is located at the inferior gluteal nerve ?
gluteus maximus
what is the triangular shaped muscle within the gluteal region nerves ?
the piriformis
what are the four groups of muscles that act on the hip joint ?
gluteals, iliopsoas, thigh and deep rotators
where does the ligament of head of the femur attach ?
fovea
what does “epi” mean ?
on top
what is the longest bone in the body ?
the femur bone
what are the three thigh compartments ?
- anterior (extensors)
- media (adductors)
- posterior (flexors)
what nerve does the anterior (extensors) innervate ?
femoral nerve
what nerve does the media (adductors) innervate ?
obturator nerve
what nerve does the posterior (flexors) innervate ?
sciatic nerve (tibial)
what is the anterior compartment responsible for ?
hip flexion and knee extension
where is innervation of the anterior compartment ?
femoral nerve
what are the two parts of the medial compartment ?
adductor and hamstring component
what is the medial compartment responsible for ?
hip adduction, flexion + medial rotation
where is innervation of the medial compartment ?
obturator nerve
what is the adductor menus innovated by ?
tibial nerve
what muscle is the posterior compartment of the leg ?
hamstring
the hamstring is responsible for what movment ?
knee flexion and hip extension
what nerve innervates the posterior compartment ?
sciatic nerve
between the long and short head which is more deep ?
long head
what is the pes anserine ?
region where three muscles join together to insert at the medial knee
what three muscles join to create the pes anserine ?
- sartorius
- gracilis
- semitendinosis
the three pes anserine muscles are all two joint muscles that connect to the _____ and _____
hip and knee
where does the sartorius muscle originate ?
ilium
where does the gracilis muscle originate ?
pubis
where does the semitendinosis originate ?
ischium
where is the common insertion of the three pes anserine muscles ?
medial tibial condyle
what are the three muscles of the anterior thigh ?
- sartorius
- pectineus
- rectus femoris
what are the three regions of the rectus femoris ?
- lateralis
- medialis
- intermedius
what are the three muscles of the posterior thigh ?
- semi-tendinosis
- semi-membranosis
- biceps femoris
what are the four muscles of the medial thigh ?
- gracilis
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor magnus
where anatomically is the vastus medialis located ?
anterior
where anatomically is the gracilis located ?
medial
where anatomically is the semimembranous ?
posterior
what are the three neruovascular pathways of the leg ? ( summary )
- femoral
- obturator
- sciatic
the femoral triangle is an important region for _______ of the thigh ?
neurovascualr supply on the anterior of the thigh
what are the contents of the femoral triangle ?
femoral nerve and femoral sheath
what are the three borders of the femoral triangle ?
- sartorius
- inguinal ligament
- adductor longus
what are the 4 holes / regions of the neurovascular pathways of the pelvis ?
- greater sciatic foramen
- lesser sciatic foramen
- obturator foramen
- femoral triangle
what two nerves are found at the greater sciatic foramen ?
superior gluteal nerve and inferior gluteal nerve + sciatic nerve
what nerve is found at the lesser sciatic foramen ?
pudenal nerve
what nerve is found at the obturator foramen ?
obturator nerve
what two nerves are found at the femoral triangle ?
femoral nerve and femoral A & V
after the femoral triangle we travel through ….
the subsartorial canal & adductor hiatus
where is the sub sartorial canal found ?
extends from the femorial triangle between the anterior and medial compartments
where is the adductor hiatus found ?
hole in hamstrings portion of adductor magnus
what “provides passage for femoral vessels from anterior thigh to popliteal fossa”
adductor hiatus
muscles of the thigh are innervated by :
- femoral (anterior compartment)
- obturator (medial compartment)
- sciatic tibial (posterior compartment)
what region represents a transition zone from the pelvis to the lower limb ?
femoral triangle
what’s easier to perform flexors or extensors ?
flexors
what are deep veins ?
same names as arteries
what do we cut in the leg if we have a hemorage and may get compartment syndrome ?
fascia lata
where does the head of the femur attach ?
acetabulum
what is the acetabulum ?
extra extension to hold femur in
what does the labrum do ?
fibrocartilage that adds stability
what are the three main joints of the pelvis ?
hip joint, sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis
what is sciatica ?
compression of sciatic nerve
what is considered the tailor muscle ?
the sartorious
GAP (medially to upwards) stands for what ?
gracilis, adductors longus and pectinous
what are the quad muscles ?
rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis
what will we find at the femoral triangle ?
nerves arteries and veins
