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Anatomy 1060 > Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three anatomical positions ?

A

median (sagital) , frontal (coronal), and transverse

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2
Q

what is the opposite to posterior ?

A

anterior

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3
Q

what is the opposite to inferior ?

A

superior

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4
Q

what is the opposite to lateral ?

A

medial

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5
Q

what is the opposite to proximal ?

A

distal

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6
Q

what term is used to describe “decrease angle between bones at a joint” ?

A

flexion

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7
Q

what term is used to describe “increase angle between bones at a joint” ?

A

extension

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8
Q

what is protraction ?

A

moving foward

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9
Q

what is retraction ?

A

moving backwards

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10
Q

what is elevation ?

A

move in a superior direction

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11
Q

what is depression ?

A

move in an inferior

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12
Q

what is lateral/external rotation ?

A

away from the midline, along long axis

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13
Q

what is the medial/internal rotation ?

A

toward midline, along long axis

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14
Q

what is adduction ?

A

move toward midline

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15
Q

what is abduction ?

A

move way from the modline

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16
Q

what is circumduction ?

A

distal aspect makes a circle, proximal end fires

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17
Q

what is eversion ?

A

tilt sole away from mideline

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18
Q

what is inversion ?

A

tilt sole toward midline

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19
Q

what is dorsiflexion (extension) ?

A

flex foot superiorly

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20
Q

what is plantar (flexion) ?

A

flex foot inferiorly

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21
Q

what is anatomical position ?

A

the starting place for describing locations and movements

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22
Q

what are the bones of the axial skeleton ?

A
  • skull
  • mandible
  • ribs
  • vertebrae
  • lumbar
  • sacrum + coccyx
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23
Q

what is axial skeleton ?

A

middle of body

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24
Q

what is appendicular skeleton ?

A

limbs / rest of the body

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25
Q

what are the 5 types of bones ?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
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26
Q

describe the function of long bones ?

A

provide strength, structure and mobility in limbs

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27
Q

describe the function of short bones ?

A

provide support and stability with limited

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28
Q

describe the function of a flat bones ?

A

protection or brand surfaces of muscle attachement

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29
Q

describe the function of irregular bones ?

A

various functions, (nerve protection, skeletal muscle attachment)

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30
Q

describe the function of sesamoid bones ?

A

develop in tendons where they cross long bones, protect tendons from wear and tear

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31
Q

what is an example of a long bone ?

A

humerus, femur, tibia, ulna

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32
Q

what is an example of a short bone ?

A

carpal bones, tarsal bones

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33
Q

what is an example of a flat bone ?

A

skull (parietal and frontal), pelvis, sternum

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34
Q

what is an example a irregular bone ?

A

facial bones, scapula, hyoid, vertebra

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35
Q

what is an example of a seasoned bone ?

A

patella

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36
Q

what is the term for “large rounded elevation” boney landmark ?

A

tuberosity

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37
Q

what is the term for “ridge of bone” boney landmark ?

A

ridge of bone

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38
Q

what is the term for “large blunt elevation” ?

A

trochanter

39
Q

what are the three boney landmarks of joints ?

A

head, facet and condyle

40
Q

what are the holes in boney landmarks used for ?

A

for passages of bones

41
Q

what are the grooves in boney landmarks used for ?

A

arteries and nerves may run

42
Q

what can happen if you have damage to the epiphyseal plates ?

A

affect further bone growth

43
Q

at what age is your bone mature ?

A

20 years of age

44
Q

what are you bones made of when youre first born ?

A

perichondrium

45
Q

what are our bones wrapped with ?

A

periosteum

46
Q

what are epiphyseal plates ?

A

cartilaginous plates with bone formation is occurring on either side

47
Q

where do bone cells start ?

A

periosteum stem cells

48
Q

what do osteoblasts do ?

A

create bone

49
Q

how do osteocytes create bone ?

A

secretes extracellular matrix to eventually create bone

50
Q

what are the two bone types ?

A

cortical (compact) bones and trabecular (spongy,cancellous) bone

51
Q

what is the exterior of bone called ?

A

cortical compact bone

52
Q

what is the interior of bone called ?

A

trabecular spongy bone

53
Q

what do osteoclasts do ?

A

degrade / break down bone

54
Q

what is osteoporosis ?

A

medical condition when bones become fragile and degrade

55
Q

what causes osteoporosis ?

A

osteoclasts have gone crazy and have taken out too much bone

56
Q

what layer of bone is covered un periosteum ?

A

compact bone

57
Q

what is diaphysis ?

A

center part of a long bone

58
Q

how many types of bone fractures are there ?

A

6

59
Q

what are the 6 bone fractures ?

A
  • comminuted
  • compression
  • epiphyseal
  • depressed
  • spiral
  • greenstick
60
Q

describe comminuted fractures :

A

bone fragments in 3+ pieces

61
Q

describe compression fractures :

A

bone is crushed

62
Q

describe epiphyseal fractures :

A

separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

63
Q

describe depressed fractures :

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

64
Q

describe spiral fractures :

A

ragged break due to excessive twisting forces

65
Q

describe greenstick fractures :

A

incomplete break ; one side broken and the other bent

66
Q

which fracture type is most common in sports or in toddlers ?

A

spiral

67
Q

which facture type is most common in children ?

A

green stick

68
Q

what is the difference between a simple and compound fracture ?

A

simple = injury only to bone
compound = bone pierces skin

69
Q

what two types does aging typically result in bone functions ?

A

loss of bone mass and increased brittleness

70
Q

what can be done to improve bones ?

A

exercise

71
Q

what are the two components the body is divided into ?

A

axial and appendicular

72
Q

what do boney landmarks represent ?

A

sites of attachment, joints, or depressions/openings

73
Q

what are the 6 neurocranium bones (bones that surround the skull)

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • sphenoid
  • temporal
74
Q

what are the 9 facial bones ?

A
  • ethmoid
  • inferior nasal concha
  • lacrimal
  • zygomatic
  • vomer
  • mandible
  • maxilla
  • nasal
  • palatine
75
Q

which neurocranium bone is divided into two portions ?

A

sphenoid bone

76
Q

what are sutures ?

A

strong relatively and movable joints in the skull

77
Q

what are fontanelles ?

A

havent solidified into joints yet; ove time will fuse

78
Q

what is the viserocranium ?

A

collection of bones that make up the face bones

79
Q

what are the four curators of the adult spinal column ?

A
  • cervical lordosis
  • thoracic kyphosis
  • lumber lordosis
  • sacral kyphosis
80
Q

is kyphosis curve concave or convex ?

A

convex

81
Q

is lordosis curve concave or convex ?

A

concave

82
Q

what has the “dens”; C1 or C2 ?

A

C2

83
Q

describe cervical spine key features :

A
  • 7 vertebra
  • C1 and C2
  • lordosis
84
Q

what is the difference between C1 and C2 ?

A

C1 = topmost vertebrae that holds the skull
C2 = second topmost vertebrae that provides an axis to rotate the skull (dens)

85
Q

what supplies blood to the brain ?

A

circle of willis

86
Q

describe thoracic spine key features :

A
  • giraffe shapes spines
  • heart shaped bodies
  • 12 vertebra
  • kyphosis
87
Q

describe lumbar spine key features :

A
  • lordosis
  • 5 vertebra
  • “moose” shapes spines
  • squat, thick bodies
88
Q

what are symptoms of osteoporosis in the spinal cord ?

A

back pain and compression fractures

89
Q

between cervical, thoracic and lumbar which is smallest - biggest ?

A

cervical = smallest
thoracic = midium
lumbar = biggest

90
Q

describe sacrum + coccyx features :

A
  • kyphosis
  • 5 fused vertebra
91
Q

describe the body shape of cervical, thoracic and lumbar :

A

cervical = bifid
thoracic = heart-shaped / giraffe
lumbar = moose

92
Q

what are the five longitudinal ligaments of the spine ?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • supraspinous ligamnte
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
93
Q

what are the five joints of the spine ?

A
  • Atlanta-occipital jt
  • lateral atlantoaxial jt
  • zygapophyseal ht
  • intervertebrall jt
  • costovertebral jt

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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