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Anatomy 1060 > Cardiovascular * > Flashcards

Cardiovascular * Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of vesseles ?

A

arteries , veins and capillaries

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2
Q

where does blood travel in arteries ?

A

blood traveling away from heart

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3
Q

where does blood travel in capillaries ?

A

between arteries and veins

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4
Q

where does blood travel in veins ?

A

blood travelling towards the heart

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5
Q

describe pressure of arteries:

A

high pressure = thick walls

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6
Q

describe pressure of veins:

A

low pressure = thin walls

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7
Q

what do larger arteries mean ?

A

election (important for conduction and propulsion)

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8
Q

what do smaller arteries mean ?

A

muscular (vascular tone)

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9
Q

how big are capillaries ?

A

single cell thick

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10
Q

in which vessel does diffusion happen ?

A

capillaries

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11
Q

what do valves contain when below the heart ?

A

valves

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12
Q

what is an arteriole ?

A

small artery that regulates blood flow to capillary networks

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13
Q

which vessel contains sphincters - “resistance vessel” ?

A

arterioles

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14
Q

what do sphincters in arterioles do ?

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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15
Q

what do venues do ?

A
  • drain capillary blood but smallest ones are also a site of diffusion
  • highly distensible - “capacitance vessels”
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16
Q

which vessels are known as “capacitance vessels” ?

A

venules

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17
Q

what are venous sinus ?

A

drains venous blood back t the heart or other veins + exist in 2 locations
- dural venous sinus in the brain formed by the dura mater
- coronary sinus in the heart

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18
Q

what are the two locations of the venous sinus ?

A

dural venous sinus in the brain and the coronary sinus in the heart

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19
Q

what are anastomoses ?

A
  • union of 2 or more arterial branches supplying the same are
  • collateral blod supply to preserve blood supply to important areas
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20
Q

what is the order of the closed loops of vessels ?

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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21
Q

what type of blood comes to the heart ?

A

deoxygenated

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22
Q

what type of blood exits the heart ?

A

oxygenated

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23
Q

what are varicose veins ?

A

twisted & enlarged veins

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24
Q

when do varicose veins develop ?

A

when valves are unable to close properly = retrograde flow

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25
Q

where do we typically find varicose veins ?

A
  • typically in superficial veins (limbs)
  • within anal canal (hemorrhoids)
  • bleeding esophageal varices = life treating liver disease
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26
Q

when valves promote unidirectional flow back towards the heart, what does this cause ?

A

varicose veins

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27
Q

what causes varicose veins ?

A

congenital (born with valves that wont close properly), mechanical (pregnancy or prolonged standing )

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28
Q

what prevents veins from building out ?

A

elastic stockings

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29
Q

what is the main function of arteries ?

A

conduction + propulsion of blood

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30
Q

what is the main function of arterioles ?

A

resistance vessels

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31
Q

what is the main function of capillaries ?

A

gas exchange and diffusion

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32
Q

what is the main function of venules ?

A

capacitance vessels

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33
Q

wha is the main function of veins ?

A

return blood to heart

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34
Q

what is the main function of anastomoses ?

A

provide collateral blood supply

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35
Q

what “drains venous blood from the surface of the brain” ?

A

sinus

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36
Q

“high pressure vessel with elastic or muscular walls”

A

arteries

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37
Q

“single cell thick, exist in networks”

A

capillaries

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38
Q

what are anastosomes ?

A

two vessels supplying the same area

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39
Q

what are the two arches of anastomosis in supination ?

A

deep palmer arch and superficial palmar arch

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40
Q

what does the right side of the body brachiocephalic lead into ?

A

subclavian artery

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41
Q

in regards to arterial support, where will blood start off ?

A

abdominal aorta

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42
Q

in regards to deep veins, when do deep veins return blood ?

A

during exercise

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43
Q

in regards to deep veins, when do superficial veins return blood ?

A

at rest

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44
Q

what does sinus mean ?

A

similar to vein (cardiac sinus and dural sinus)

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45
Q

what does anastamsis ?

A

2 arteries providing collateral supply

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46
Q

how many valves of the heart are there ?

A

2 (left and right)

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47
Q

which valve of the wall is thick/thin ?

A

right = thinner walls
left = thicker walls

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48
Q

how many chambers of the heart are there ?

A

4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

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49
Q

how many valves of the heart are there ?

A

4

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50
Q

what does the heart communicate with ?

A

the lungs (pulmonary) and the body (systemic)

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51
Q

which side of the heart is deoxygenated vs oxygenated ?

A

right side = deoxygenated
left side = oxygenated

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52
Q

describe the cardiac muscle:

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
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53
Q

what are cardiomyocytes ?

A

contractible excitable heart cell

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54
Q

what do cardiomyocytes contain the same contractile filaments as ?

A

skeletal muscle (sarcomere)

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55
Q

cells are joined end to end and are connected via __________

A

intercalated discs

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56
Q

what are intercalated discs ?

A

gap junctions that link cardiac muscles so that electrical impulses can travel between cells and cause to contract almost simultaneously

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57
Q

where are nuclei located ?

A

centrally located

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58
Q

what are the two types of cardiomyocytes ?

A
  1. pacemaker
  2. non-pacemaker cells
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59
Q

what is “pacemaker” ?

A
  • auto-rhythmic cells “automaticity”
  • spontaneously contract
  • SA node, some fibers in AV node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers
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60
Q

what are “non-pacemaker cells” ?

A
  • bulk of the heart
    -basic contractile myocytes
  • depolarization is induced by adjacent cells depolarizing
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61
Q

what is syncytium ?

A

network of cardiomyocytes connected via intercalated discs

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62
Q

what are the two syncytial of the heart ?

A

the atrial syncytium and ventricular syncytium

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63
Q

what do the two syncytia of the heart allow ?

A

this will allow for the atria to contract prior to ventricular contraction

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64
Q

what are two types of action potential ?

A

neuronal and cardiomyocytes

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65
Q

what are neuronal action potentials ?

A

rapid depolarization (1ms)

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66
Q

what are cardimyocyte action potentials ?

A

(200-400ms) little slower than neural action potentials

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67
Q

describe the difference between pacemaker cells and myocytes ?

A

pacemarker cells = slow response
myocytes = faster response

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68
Q

what is depolarization in cardiomyocytes caused by?

A

sodium and calcium

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69
Q

what is the refractory period ?

A

period of time in which the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time after an action potential as initiated

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70
Q

describe the Na and K gradient in regards to cells:

A

cells are like salty bananas, salt on the outside and potassium on the inside, then potassium channels open

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71
Q

what is the SA node also known as ?

A

the pacemaker

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72
Q

describe the SA node :

A
  • origin of cardiac impulse
  • rate of depolarization is greatest here (it drives everything else)
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73
Q

where is depolarization the greatest in the heart ?

A

SA node

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74
Q

describe the AV node:

A
  • locate at the center of the heart, between the atria and ventricles
  • electrically connects atria and ventricles via bundle of His
  • slows the SA node
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75
Q

how does the AV node electrically connect the atria and ventricles ?

A

thought the bundle of his

76
Q

what slows down the signals from the SA node ?

A

AV node

77
Q

what does the AV node do after slowing the signal of the SA node ?

A

allows for atrial blood to empty into ventricles

78
Q

what is an ECG machine ?

A

records the hearts electrical activity

79
Q

how do ECG’s work ?

A

as cardimyocytes depolarize/repolarize, electrical currents pass across the body

80
Q

what is the clinical test that we use to measure changes in electrical signal across cardiomyocytes ?

A

ECG (electrocardiogram)

81
Q

what happens when we use different configurations during an ECG ?

A

it leads to more characteristic patterns

82
Q

what is an ECG recording ?

A

summed recording of all the electrical events that are happening in the heart

83
Q

what are the “waves” detected during and ECG recording ?

A
  • P-wave
  • QRS-wave
  • T- wave
84
Q

what is happening during the P-wave ?

A

atrial depolarization

85
Q

what is happening during the QRS wave ?

A

ventricular depolarization

86
Q

what is happening during the T-wave ?

A

ventricular repolarization

87
Q

what is the cardiac cycle ?

A

sequence of events that occur and repeat with heart beat

88
Q

what are the two things happening in the cardiac cycle ?

A

systole and diastole

89
Q

what does systole mean ?

A

ventricular contraction

90
Q

what does diastole mean ?

A

ventricular relaxation

91
Q

how many phases are there in the cardiac cycle ?

A

7

92
Q

what are the 6 recordings of the cardiac cycle ?

A
  • aortic pressure
  • left ventricular pressure
  • left arterial pressure
  • left ventricular volume
  • ECG
  • heart sounds
93
Q

what are the three basic principals of the heart ?

A
  • conduction to contraction to flow
  • blood flows from higher to lower pressure
  • valves open/close based on pressure gradient
94
Q

what are heart sounds caused by ?

A

closing valves

95
Q

what are the two closing valves of the heart ?

A

S1 = mitral alve (left AV valve)
S2 = semilunar valv (aortic)

96
Q

what does the contraction of a heart do to pressure ?

A

increases it

97
Q

what does the relaxation of a heart do to pressure ?

A

decrease it

98
Q

what happens in atrial systole ?

A
  • atria contract
  • ventricles relax
    -pushes last bit of blood into ventricles
99
Q

what happens in isovolumetric contraction ?

A
  • atria relax
  • ventricles contract
  • no blood is ejected = isovolumetric
100
Q

what happens in rapid ejection of the cardiac cycle ?

A
  • aortic and pulmonary valves open
  • blood rushes into aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • volume falls in ventricles rapidly
  • pressure in ventricles continues to increase
101
Q

what happens in reduced ejection of the cardiac cycle ?

A
  • pressure begins to decrease in aorta as the last bit of blood leaves the ventricles
  • pressure in atria continues to rise as atria passively fill with blood
  • T-wave = ventricular repolarization
102
Q

what happens in isovolumetric diastole (relaxation) ?

A
  • semilunar valves closes (heart sound 2)
  • ventricles enter diastole
  • AV vales are still closed thus volume of blood in ventricles doesn’t change = is-volumetric relaxation
103
Q

what happens in rapid filling of the cardia cycle ?

A
  • pressure in atria exceed pressure in ventricles and AV valves open
    -blood dumps into ventricles from atria “rapidly filling” then; atrial volume + pressure drops and ventricular volume + pressure rises
104
Q

what happens in reduced filling of the cardiac cycle ?

A
  • blood passively flows into heart from vena cava + pulmonary arteries
    (AV valves are open, so it flows directly into ventricles)
  • P-wave starts = atrial contraction triggered
105
Q

how many ribs are there in the thoracic cage ?

A

12 ribs

106
Q

what are the three bones of the sternum ?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xyphoid process
107
Q

what is the thoracic cage composed of ?

A
  • 12 ribs
  • sternum
  • costal cartilage
  • thoracic vertebrae
108
Q

what is the designed goal of the thoracic cage ?

A

protect vital organs

109
Q

what are the 5 compartments of the thoracic compartment ?

A
  • superior mediastinum
  • middel mediastinum
  • anterior mediastinum
  • posterior mediastinum
  • L + R pleural cavities
110
Q

what is the mediastinum ?

A

a space within your chest that contains your heart and other structures

111
Q

what is the thoracic inlet ?

A

located at the crossroads between imaging of the neck and chest

112
Q

what is the length of the thoracic inlet ?

A

manubrium to 1st rib to T1

113
Q

what is the length of the superior mediastinum located ?

A

sternal angle to T4 base

114
Q

what is the length of the diaphragm ?

A

central tendon continuous with fibrous pericardium

115
Q

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum ?

A
  • sup vena cava
  • brachiocephalic veins
  • arch of aorta + branches
  • trachea
  • esophagus
116
Q

what are the contents of the middle mediastinum ?

A
  • heart
  • pericardium
  • great vessel roots
117
Q

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum ?

A
  • descending thoracic aorata
  • esophagus
  • vagus nerve
  • sympathetic trunk
118
Q

what are the contents of the anterior mediastinum ?

A
  • connective tissue
  • tymus gland
119
Q

what are the contents of the lungs ?

A
  • lungs
  • pleura
  • hilum ( pulmonary arteries/veins and primary bronchi)
120
Q

in which thoracic compartment is the esophagus located ?

A

posterior mediadtinum

121
Q

in which thoracic compartment is the heart located ?

A

middle mediastinum

122
Q

in which thoracic compartment is the arch of the aorta ?

A

superior mediastinum

123
Q

in which thoracic compartment is the lungs ?

A

pleural cavities

124
Q

in which thoracic compartment is the pericardium ?

A

middle mediastinum

125
Q

what happens in the right atria ?

A

entrance for superior + inferior vena cava + coronary sinus + anterior cardiac veins

126
Q

what happens in the left atria ?

A

entrance for pulmonary veins

127
Q

what is the first part of the heart to contract, pushing blood into ventricles via atrioventricular valves ?

A

atria

128
Q

what are the key landmarks of the atria ?

A

fossa ovale and auricle

129
Q

what muscle is important for contraction in the atria ?

A

pectinate

130
Q

what is the texture of the posterior wall of the atria ?

A

smooth (derived from embryonic vasculature)

131
Q

what is the second part of heart to contract ?

A

ventricles

132
Q

which ventricle sends blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk ?

A

right ventricle

133
Q

which ventricle sends blood to the body via the aorta ?

A

left ventricle

134
Q

which ventricle is responsible for pulmonary circulation ?

A

right ventricle

135
Q

which ventricle is responsible for systemic circulation ?

A

left ventricle

136
Q

which ventricle has the pulmonary semilunar valve ?

A

right ventricle

137
Q

which ventricle has the aortic semilunar valve ?

A

left ventricle

138
Q

what are the key landmarks of the ventricles ?

A

interventricular septum and ligaments arteriosum

139
Q

what is the importance of the interventricular septum ?

A

important for coordinated contraction

140
Q

which muscle is very important for contraction of the ventricle ?

A

trabeculae

141
Q

which muscles are anchor points for cord tendonae of AV valves ?

A

papillary muscles

142
Q

how many valves are there in the heart ?

A

4

143
Q

how many atrioventricular valves are there in the heart ?

A

2

144
Q

how many semilunar valves are there in the heart ?

A

2

145
Q

where is the atrioventricular valve located ?

A

atrium to ventricle

146
Q

which AV valve is on the right side of the heart ?

A

tricuspid

147
Q

which AV valve is on the left side of the heart ?

A

bicupsid/mitral

148
Q

what prevents back flow in the 2 AV valves ?

A

chord tendineae

149
Q

where is the semilunar valves located ?

A

ventricle to aorta/pulmonary trunk

150
Q

what “holds blood, prevent back flow” ?

A

cusp shape

151
Q

how would you describe the AV valves letter wise ?

A

like an M

152
Q

how would you describe semilunar valves letter wise ?

A

like a W

153
Q

what are the great vessels of the systemic circulation ?

A
  • aorta (from left ventricle)
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
154
Q

where does the superior + inferior vena cava drain into ?

A

the right atrium

155
Q

what are the three arches of the aorta (systemic circulation) ?

A
  • brachicephalic trunk
  • L common carotid
  • L sunclavian
156
Q

what type of arteries are ascending in the aorta (left ventricle) ?

A

coronary arteries

157
Q

what are the great vessels of the pulmonary circulation ?

A

arteries and veins

158
Q

is it arteries or veins that have the pulmonary trunk ?

A

arteries

159
Q

is it arteries or veins that have left and right pulmonary arteries and contains deoxygenated blood going to lungs ?

A

arteries

160
Q

what does it mean to have heart failure ?

A

heart muscle doesn’t pump as well as it should (decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery)

161
Q

what are some symptoms of heart failure ?

A

shortness of breath, fatigue and coughing

162
Q

what happens if theres left sided heart failure ?

A

systemic circulation impaired (muscles too weak and ventricle doesn’t refill)

163
Q

what happens if theres right side heart failure ?

A

typically caused by left side impairement (fluid backs up through lungs, and eventually venous system)

164
Q

describe the 5 steps of fetal circulation ?

A
  1. oxygenated fetal blood from he placenta passes to the fetus via the umbilical vein
  2. blood bypasses the liver (via the ducts venous) and enters the inferior vena cava
  3. blood entering the right atrium from the IVC bypasses right ventricle (lungs not yet functional) to enter the left atrium via the oval foramen
  4. blood from the SBC enters right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, and moves into the pulmonary trunk where it enters the aorta via the ducts arteriosus
  5. partially oxygenated blood in the aorta returns to the placenta via the paired umbilical arteries that arise from the internal iliac arteries
165
Q

how many layers are there of the pericardium ?

A

3

166
Q

what is the pericardium ?

A

3-layered sac in which the heart resides

167
Q

what are the three layers of pericardium ?

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • parietal
  • visceral
168
Q

which layer of the pericardium is the outer and toughest layer ?

A

fibrous pericardium

169
Q

which layer of the pericardium is the outer layer ?

A

parietal

170
Q

which layer of the pericardium I the inner layer ?

A

visceral (epicardium)

171
Q

what is the first branch of the aorta ?

A

coronary arteries

172
Q

when is the coronary artery valve opens ?

A

blood flow during ventricular systole

173
Q

when is the coronary arteries valve closed ?

A

black flow of blood closes valve and causes filling of coronary arteries

174
Q

what are the two coronary circulations ?

A

right and left coronary artery

175
Q

describe the right coronary artery ?

A
  • right marginal
  • posterior interventricular
  • branches to SA and AV nodes (hard to see)
176
Q

describe the left coronary artery ?

A
  • anterior interventicular/left anterior descending
  • circumflex (left marginal)
177
Q

coronary circulation veins =

A

coronary sinus

178
Q

what are the 6 coronary sinus veins ?

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • left posterior ventricular vein
  • left marginal vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • anterior cardiac veins
179
Q

what is a heart attack/myocardial infarction ?

A

disruption to coronary blood floe

180
Q

what is a common cause of a heart attack ?

A

commonly caused by atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the lumen due to plaque deposits on the vessel

181
Q

what are some risk factors of heart attacks ?

A
  • smoking
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased chloesterol
  • obesity, diabetes
  • decrease exercise
  • stress
  • age, family, medical history, herritage
182
Q

is a heart attack and cardiac arrest the same thing ?

A

no

183
Q

what does angina mean ?

A

temporary disruption

184
Q

what does location and extent of damage depend on ?

A

location of damaged vessel

185
Q

what are the 6 cavities that the thorax can be divided into ?

A

superior, middle, anterior & posterior mediastinum and pleura

186
Q

what are two remnant fetal structures, once responsible for bypassing the lungs ?

A

foramen ovale and ligamentum arteriosum

187
Q

what is circulation to the heart termed ?

A

corony circulation

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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