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Anatomy 1060 > Joints, Cartilage, Muscles > Flashcards

Joints, Cartilage, Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three classifications of joints ?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

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2
Q

the skull is an example of what type of joint ?

A

fibrous

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3
Q

the pubic symphysis is an example of what type of joint ?

A

cartilaginous

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4
Q

a finger is an example of what type of joint ?

A

synovial

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5
Q

what are fibrous joints ?

A

articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue with limited movement

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6
Q

what are the three examples of fibrous joints ?

A

the skull, the syndesmosis and gomphosis

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7
Q

what are cartilaginous joints ?

A

articulating bones united by hyaline or fibrocartilage

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8
Q

what are synovial joints ?

A

articular surfaces = hyaline cartilage (most common type of joint)

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9
Q

how many synovial joint classes are there ?

A

6

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10
Q

by what are synovial joints reinforced by ?

A

ligaments + special structural elements

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11
Q

what does each synovial joint have ?

A

joint capsule (lined by synovial membrane)

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12
Q

what do synovial membranes contain ?

A

synovial fluid

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13
Q

what are the 6 synovial joints ?

A
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
  • condyloid
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • plane
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14
Q

example of where saddle joint is present ?

A

at the base of the thumb

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15
Q

example of where a ball and socket joint is present ?

A

shoulder or hip

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16
Q

example of where a condyloid joint is present ?

A

wrist

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17
Q

example of where a pivot joint is present ?

A

the radial head next to the ulna in your elbow

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18
Q

example of where a hinge joint is presnet ?

A

humerus and ulna articulating at the elbow or knee

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19
Q

example of where a plane joint is presnet ?

A

between the carpals and the tarsals

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20
Q

what are the three factors that affect the stability or range of motion of joints ?

A
  • shape and arrangement of articulating surfaces
  • ligaments crossing the joint
  • tone of surrounding muscles
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21
Q

what is atrophy ?

A

muscle wasting

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22
Q

describe the movement of a ball and socket joint

A
  • multi-axial
  • synovial joint
  • high mobility
  • low stability
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23
Q

which ball and socket joint has more range of motion ?

A

shoulder

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24
Q

where on the pelvis creates the socket for the ball and socket joint of the hip ?

A

bony acetabular rim

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25
Q

how many axis does a hinge joint get ?

A

only one single axis

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26
Q

describe the movement of a hinge joint

A
  • uniaxial joint
  • more stability
  • less range of motion
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27
Q

what’s an example of a simple and a complex hinge joint ?

A

simple = elbow and complex = knee

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28
Q

how many structures are synovial joints made of ?

A

5

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29
Q

what are the 5 structures that come together to allow synovial joints to function ?

A
  • bones
  • tendons/muscles
  • ligaments +capsule
  • intra-articular structures
  • bursae
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30
Q

what are ligaments ?

A

connective tissue structures that bind bones together

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31
Q

when do joint injuries occur ?

A

damage occurs when forces exceed their strength

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32
Q

what is damage to a muscle tendon called ?

A

strain

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33
Q

what is a grade 1 ligament tear ?

A

stretching or slight ligament tearing with mild tenderness, swelling and stiffness

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34
Q

what is a grade 2 ligament tear ?

A

incomplete tear with moderate pains welling and bruising

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35
Q

what is a grade 3 ligament tear ?

A

complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising and instability

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36
Q

what is damage to a muscle ligament called ?

A

sprain

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37
Q

what is the treatment for a joint injury ?

A

PRICE

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38
Q

what does PRICE stand for ?

A

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

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39
Q

what do articular discs do ?

A
  • absorb shock
  • better fit between bony surfaces
  • distribute weight
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40
Q

what is the term defined as a rim of soft tissue or fibrous cartilage that surrounds the socket of a ball and socket joint to make it more stable ;

A

labrum

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41
Q

where do bursitis’ occur ?

A

at synovial joints

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42
Q

what are bursas’ ?

A

fluid filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts

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43
Q

where are bursar found ?

A

anywhere in the body where you have a lot of friction between two surfaces

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44
Q

what is bursistis ?

A

chronic inflammation of a bursa

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45
Q

what causes a bursistis ?

A
  • irritation from repeated excessive exertion of a joint
  • trauma
  • acute chronic infection
  • rheumatoid arthritis
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46
Q

describe the function of a fibrous joint :

A

tight, very limited movement

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47
Q

describe the function of a cartilaginous joint :

A

some movement, allow growth for new bone

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48
Q

describe the function of a synovial joint :

A

free movement between bones

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49
Q

what type of joint is the most to least stable ?

A

fibrous = most
cartilaginous = middle
synovial = least

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50
Q

what is a feature of fibrous joints ?

A

smaller fibers; less movement

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51
Q

what is a feature of cartilaginous joints ?

A

1 and 2 degree classes

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52
Q

what is a feature of synovial joints ?

A

joint capsule present

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53
Q

is cartilage present in fibrous joints ?

A

no! fibers instead

54
Q

is cartilage present in cartilaginous joints ?

A

both hyaline and fibrocartilage

55
Q

is cartilage present in synovial joints ?

A

hyaline

56
Q

what are the three cartilage types ?

A
  • hyaline/artivular cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
57
Q

which of the three cartilage types is the strongest in the body ?

A

fibrocartilage

58
Q

which of the three cartilage types is the weakest in the body ?

A

hyaline

59
Q

the following characteristics define which cartilage type ? “most abundant, yet weakest, smooth surface flexibility and support at joints” :

A

hyaline/articular caartlage

60
Q

the following characteristics define which cartilage type? “specialized tissue with elastic fibers, provide strength +elasticity to maintain shape of structures”

A

elastic cartilage

61
Q

the following characteristics define which cartilage type? “shock absorber, very durable; lots of collagen, support + join structures, strongest type”

A

fibrocartilage

62
Q

hyaline/articular cartilage is a metabolically active tissue that has :

A
  • no blood supply
  • no lymph channels
  • no neurological supply
63
Q

which cartilage type is it difficult to identify injury or damage ?

A

hyaline

64
Q

what is the function of hyaline/articlar cartilage ?

A

distributes mechanical load over a wider area to decrease stress/pressure on joint surfaces and reduce fries ion to minimize wear and allow relatively free movement of the opposing joint surfaces

65
Q

what is the composition of hyaline cartilage ?

A

cells and extracellular matrix

66
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage ?

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • collagen
  • proteoglycans
67
Q

what are the three sons of the ECM of hyaline cartilage ?

A
  • superficial tangential (distribute force) “10 - 20%”
  • middle (fluid storage) “40 - 60%”
  • deep (bony connection) “30%”
68
Q

where does nutrient exchange occur within cartilage loading ?

A

between the joint capsule to the synovial membrane + fluid

69
Q

what are the two types of arthritis ?

A

osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

70
Q

what is osteoarthritis ?

A
  • joint cartilage is gradually lost
  • wear and tear
  • most common type of arthritis
  • can be unilateral
71
Q

what is an example of cause of osteoarthritis ?

A

long distance running

72
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis ?

A
  • global cartilage inflammation
  • autoimmune disease
  • typically bilateral
  • joint fusion possible
73
Q

which type of arthritis is it when bone ends rub together ?

A

osteoarthritis

74
Q

which type of arthritis is it when the knee is swollen/inflammed ?

A

rheumatoid

75
Q

what is hyaline/articular cartilage well suited for ?

A
  • bear weight and transfer load
  • reduce friction during joint motion
76
Q

what type of cartilage has no blood, lymph or nerve supply ?

A

hyaline

77
Q

what are the three types of muscle ?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

78
Q

describe skeletal muscles :

A
  • found in skeletal muscles
  • striated
  • voluntary control
  • multi-nucleated
79
Q

describe cardiac muscles :

A
  • found in the heart
  • striated
  • involuntary control
  • single nucleus
80
Q

describe smooth muscles :

A
  • found in viscera + blood vessels + skin
  • not striated
  • involuntary control
  • single nucleus
81
Q

which muscle types are striated / unstriated ?

A

skeletal and cardiac are striated while smooth is not striated

82
Q

what are the four functions of muscle tissue ?

A
  1. produce body movements
  2. stabilizing body positions
  3. producing heat
  4. storing + moving substances in the body
83
Q

what are the four properties of muscle tissues ?

A
  1. electrical excitability
  2. contractility
  3. elasticity
  4. extensibility
84
Q

muscle tissues have electrical excitability that are able to respond to stimuli… what are the two types of signals ?

A

electrical and chemical signals

85
Q

what are electrical signals of muscle tissues ?

A

autorhythmicity in the heart

86
Q

what are chemical signals of muscle tissues ?

A

action potential signals receives at neuromuscular cleft

87
Q

what type of tissue are blood vessels and nerves carried in ?

A

connective tissue

88
Q

what is the muscle organization in our bodies from largest to smallest:

A

muscle, fascicle, myofibril, and myofilaments

89
Q

what is the sarcomere ?

A

contractile unit

90
Q

what is the M-line ?

A

where two sets of myosin fibers are going to join together

91
Q

what is a region of the sarcomere that only myosin is present ?

A

H-band

92
Q

between myosin and acting which is thin/thick ?

A

myosin = thick and actin = thin

93
Q

what does ATP do during the sliding filament theory ?

A

causes myosin head to physically move

94
Q

what causes tropomyosin to move ?

A

troponin

95
Q

how are muscles attached to bones ?

A

tendons

96
Q

what happens to the bone when you contract a muscle ?

A

it pulls on the bone

97
Q

what are tendons made of ?

A

same fascial layers that encase the muscle

98
Q

how does a neuron travel to the desired muscle ?

A

one neuron starting in the brain travels down the spinal cord out to the desired muscle

99
Q

how do motor signals travel ?

A

from brain to the muscle

100
Q

what is a motor unit ?

A

motor neuron + all the fibers it innervates

101
Q

what is the henneman size principle ?

A

the recruitment of motor units within a muscle proceeds from small motor units to large motor units

102
Q

force production = _________

A

motor unit size + firing frequency

103
Q

what are the three skeletal fiber types ?

A
  • slow oxidative
  • fast glycolytic
  • fast oxidative
104
Q

what is the type, fatigue rate and force of slow oxidative fiber type ?

A
  • type 1
  • slow fatigue rate
  • low force
105
Q

what is the type, fatigue rate and force of fast oxidative fiber type ?

A
  • type 11a
  • med fatigue rate
  • med force
106
Q

what is the type, fatigue rate and force of fast glycolytic fiber type ?

A
  • type 11x
  • fast fatigue rate
  • high force
107
Q

what is the sliding filament theory ?

A

repetitive cycle of muscle contraction of cross bridge formation (actin/myosin binding)

108
Q

when does the sliding filmant theory occur ?

A

in the presence of elevated calcium and required ATP

109
Q

what does the sliding filament theory cause ?

A

cause actin filaments to ‘slide’ over myosin thick filaments, creating a shortening effect

110
Q

what are the 5 steps of the sliding filament theory ?

A
  1. bound state
  2. power stoke
  3. rigor state
  4. relaxed state
  5. binding state
111
Q

what happens in the bound state ?

A
  • ADP bound to myosin
  • we release inorganic phosphate
  • then were going to move to a contracted state
112
Q

what happens in the power stroke ?

A
  • we’ve released inorganic phosphate
  • the myosin head is bent at the hinge section
  • we’ve effectively now slid actin forward
113
Q

what happens in the rigor state ?

A
  • were bound to ADP
  • myosin has already contracted
  • when ATP binds, myosin is going to release from actin and is going to get ready to be able to bind again
  • myosin has now completely dissociated from actin
114
Q

what happens in the relaxed state ?

A
  • once ATP id bound here, were in a relaxed state
  • we’ve dissociated from actin
  • now just waiting
115
Q

what happens in the binding state ?

A
  • ready to bind to actin again
  • ready to start the cycle all over again
116
Q

what two things cause muscle contractions ?

A

ATP and Calcium

117
Q

why is ATP necessary for muscle contractions ?

A

necessary for myosin to bind actin and for power stroke

118
Q

why is calcium necessary for muscle contractions ?

A

to bind with the troponin complex, which is going to remove the tropomyosin from the binding site

119
Q

where is calcium stored ?

A

intracellularly in the sarcoplasmic reticullum

120
Q

how does calcium move (conc. gradient)

A

calcium flows out and down its concentration gradient

121
Q

what are the 5 simplest steps of muscle contraction ?

A
  1. AP arrives at neuromusclar junction
  2. calcium is released from SR
  3. tropomyosin slides off actin
  4. myosin hydrolyzes ATP to bind to actin
  5. muscle contraction occurs
122
Q

what is a strain ?

A

tendon/muscle injury

123
Q

describe the grading of a strain injury :

A

grade 1 = over-stretching
grade 2 = partial tear
grade 3 = complete tear

124
Q

what are symptoms of a strain ?

A
  • swelling/brusining or redness
  • pain at rest
  • inability to use muscle, or weakness
125
Q

what is the first aid required for strains ?

A

PRICE

126
Q

what does PRICE stand for ?

A

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

127
Q

when does progressive muscle loss with aging occur ?

A

from 30 onwards

128
Q

what are three causes of aging + muscle ?

A
  • deceased voluntary neural control of muscle
  • slower nerve conduction speed
  • muscle fiber loss
129
Q

how to improve muscles ?

A

exercise

130
Q

what are 3 benefits of exercising for your bones/muscles ?

A
  • increased bone density
  • increased motor neuron firing rate
  • hypertrophy of muscle fibers
131
Q

what are the fundamental contractile unit for muscle cells ?

A

sarcomere

Anatomy 1060 (11 decks)

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