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Anatomy part 2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

What events make up respiration?

A

The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells

Ventilation (breathing)
External respiration (air into the lungs)
Transport of gases
Internal respiration (exchange of gas at capillaries in the body)
Celluar respiration (oxygen use by cells

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2
Q

At what level do oxygen and carbon dioxide occur at?

During cellular respiration, what can carbon dioxide form?

A

the cellular and molecular levels

carbonic acid

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3
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

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4
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs

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5
Q

What are sinuses?

What are they for?

A

The are air filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones in the skull

Lowers the weight in the skull

resonance

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6
Q

What is external respiration?

A

any gas exchange in the lungs

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7
Q

In what area of the Upper respiratory tract do air and food meet?

A

THe pharynx , specifically the oropharynx

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8
Q

What does the respiratory elevator do?

A

Pulls dust particles away from gravity into the throat which is why we swallow allot

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9
Q

What are the three major areas of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What is the larynx?

What other structures would you find there?

A

Enlargement of the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx

The thyroid and its cartilage
hyoid bone
cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

What is the trachea?
measurements?

What does it become?

A

Its the windpipe (2.5 centimeters in diameter and 12.5 in length)

Splits into the left and right primary bronchi

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12
Q

Why is the trachea considered an incomplete ring?

A

because part of the cartilage ring is formed by smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the bronchial tree?.

What is the Hillus?

A

branced airways from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

The V in between the left and right primary bronchi

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14
Q

What is the order of bronchi from largest to smallest?

A 
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi 
Intralobular Bronchioles 
Terminal Bronchioles 
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
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15
Q

When do we need a microscope to detect the bronchioles?

A

After the terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

What are respiration tubes?

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

The structure of the bronchus is similar to trachea but uses smooth muscle instead of cartilaginous rings all the way around

In the alveoli

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17
Q

When does the epithelial tissue in the bronchial tubes change? And what does it change to and from?

A

When you get to the terminal bronchioles it changes from pseudostratified to non-ciliated simple columnar

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18
Q

What systems are responsible for Bronchoconstriction and Bronchodialation?

A

parasympathetic nervous system and histamine

Sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine

19
Q

What are the types of alveoli?

What functions does the second variation have?

A

Type I - simple squamous

Type 2- Secretes surfactant (detergent like mixture that lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse)

20
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A detergent like mixture produced by type 2 alveoli that lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

21
Q

What removes dust particles and debris from lungs?

A

Alveolar macrophages

22
Q

What is the composition of the alveolar capillary membrane?

What is the purpose of the composition?

How many alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

Allows rapid diffusion of gases

300 million

23
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

Right has 3 and the left has 2

24
Q

What are the serous membranes surrounding the lung?

What does surfactant have to do with plural fluid?

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal Pleura

It has a high surface tension, surfactant helps lower it for easier exchange

25
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 millimeters of mercury

26
Q

What happens with inspiration?

What muscles allow for thoracic cage expansion, and in what direction do they move?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure decreases to 758mmHG when the thoracic cavity enlarges due to diaphragm downward movement

The atmospheric pressure forces the air into the airways

External intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out

Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum up and out

27
Q

Which nerves signal the diaphragm to start contracting?

A

the phrenic nerves

28
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

resting expiration comes from elastic recoil of lung tissues and from surface tension. Basically the tissues bounce back into place.

The tissues moving back increase the intraalveolar pressure to 1mmHg above sealevel, pushing air out of the lungs.

29
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

1 cause of death in infants that are preterm, the lungs collapse due to lack of a surfactant to keep them inflated

30
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The measuring of lung function

31
Q

What is the amount of air in one inspiration and one expiration called?

How much volume?

A

Tidal volume

approx. 500Ml

32
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

Expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

Residual Volume? (RV)

volume of each

A

amount of air that can be forcible inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration. approx. 3000 ml

Amount of air that can be forcible exhaled after a normal tidal expiration. approx. 1100ml

Amount of air that always remains in lungs, approx. 1200ml

33
Q

What is Vital Capacity? (VC)
formula?

Inspiration capacity? (IC)
Formula?

Functional residual capacity? (FRC)
formula?

Total Lung capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation. approx. 4600 ml

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

IC= TV+IRV

amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal expiration

FRC = ERV+RV

Total lung capacity is about 6 L

Total = VC+RV

34
Q

What is minute ventilation?

How do we figure this out?

What is the approx volume in one minute?

A

new atmospheric air moved into the respiratory passages each minute

Tidal volume X breathing rate

6000 ml

35
Q

What is ADS?

What volume?

A

anatomical dead space - air space in respiratory passageways not involved in gas exchange

150 ml

36
Q

What are air movements other than breathing called?

examples?

A

nonrespiratory movement

cough, sneezing, laugh, hiccup, yawn

37
Q

What areas of the brain send respiratory signals?

A

medulla and the pons

38
Q

How do mechanoreceptors affect breathing?

Low Po2? where are receptors?

High Pco2? Where are receptors?

A

the inhibit inspiration to prevent over filling of the lungs

Increases ventilation to increase Po2
in carotid and aortic bodies

Increases ventilation to decrease Pco2
respiratory center in brain

39
Q

What makes up the main part of the respiratory membrane?

what else?

A

Bulk is Type 1 alveolar cells

Type 2 is also part of the membrane

40
Q

What is the amounts of Pco2 and Po2 levels in the blood when it enters the lungs?

What is it when it exits?

A

45mmHG CO2
40mmHG O2

40mmHG CO2
104mmHg O2

41
Q

What happens to the gases in the blood?

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

How much O2 remains in venous blood? Why?

A

They dissolve in plasma or chemically combine with other atoms or molecules

bound to the protein hemoglobin in the form of oxyhemoglobin

75% remains because you need to maintain safe CO2 levels to maintain pH

42
Q

why does blood gain CO2?

what forms is it transported in ? what are the percentages?

A

because the tissues have a high Pco2 so it moves to a lower gradient

Dissolved in plasma 7%
Carbamenohemoglobin 23%
Bicarbonate ion 70%

43
Q

why is most of the CO2 transported through the blood as a bicarbonate ion?

A

Because carbon anhydrase makes CO2 + H2O into carbonic acid. We don’t want acid, so we make a bicarbonate and H+ ions to keep the blood from getting too acidic.

44
Q

What are some examples of lifespan changes to this system?

A

cilia become less active
mucous thickens
swallowing, gagging, and coughing reflexes slow
macrophages in lungs lose efficiency
increased suseptability to respiratory infections
bronchial walls thing and collapse
dead space increasing

Anatomy part 2 (15 decks)

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