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Anatomy part 2 > Lymphatic system lecture > Flashcards

Lymphatic system lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of the lymphatic system starting with the capillaries?

A 
Lymph capillaries
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Collecting ducts
Subclavian veins
Into the cardiovascular system
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2
Q

What are the lymphatic capillaries within the villi of small intestines? What is their function?

A

Lacteals

Absorb fats

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3
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels, nodes

Thymus and spleen

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4
Q

How do lymph vessels compare to veins?

A

They have 3 layers but are thinner

Lymph is moved via skeletal muscle contractions like blood through veins

They have valves

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5
Q

What drains the lymph from the lymphatic vessels?

What are the 6 trunks?

A

Lymphatic trunks

Lumbar
Intestinal
Intercostal
bronchomediastinal
subclavian
Jugular
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6
Q

What is a large storage area for lymph stores

A

Cisterna chyli

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7
Q

What drains the lymph from trunks?
What are the names?
Which duct is the most important and why?

A

Lymphatic ducts

Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic Duct

Thoracic duct is most important because it drains 75% of the body’s lymph

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8
Q

What is lymph fluid?

A

Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

that has been absorbed into lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

How is fluid formed in the tissues and what does it contain?

What does it not contain?

A

capillary pressure filters water and small molecules from the plasma leaving a fluid in the tissues with similar consistency as plasma

The fluid contains water and dissolved substances like smaller proteins that create plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Large proteins

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10
Q

How is lymph formed and how is it absorbed?

Why is this important?

A

The fluid filtered from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorption leading to the net formation of tissue fluid

The increase in tissue fluid increases the hydrostatic pressure within the tissues forcing fluid into lymphatic capillaries forming lymph.

This is important because it prevents edema

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11
Q

How does lymph move throughout the lymphatic vessels?

A

Actions of skeletal muscles
Respiratory movements
Smooth muscle in the larger vessels
Valves in the lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

What do they contain?

A

Along the lymphatic pathway

Contain lymphocytes and macrophages to fight invading pathogens

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13
Q

Where does the Afferent vessel enter a lymph node?
Efferent?

What would you expect to find in the Germinal Center of a lymph node?

Subcapsule?

A

The convex side
The concave with the Hilum

B cells

Macrophages, B cells

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14
Q

What is the function of a lymph node?

A

Filter harmful particles from lymph

Act with Immune function provided by macrophages and lymphocytes

Also centers for lymphocyte production along with red bone marrow

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15
Q

What is the thymus for?

What is a special characteristic of the thymus?

What implications does this have?

A

Site of T lymphocyte production and secretes protein hormones called thymosins

Larger in infancy and puberty than in an adult, and the thymus is replaced by fat and connective tissue in the elderly

As we get older, our ability to fight infection decreases

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16
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

What areas make it up and what are the contents?

A

Spleen

White pulp - lymphocytes

Red Pulp - red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages

17
Q

What are the main types of defense the body has against pathogens and what are they?

A

Innate defenses : General defenses that protect against many pathogens

Adaptive defenses: Immunity, specific and targets antigens. Carried out by lymphocytes

18
Q

What is species resistance?

A

Refers to a given type of organism, or species, that develops diseases unique to it

19
Q

What is the first line of defense and is it innate or adaptive?

A

Mechanical barriers like skin, mucus membranes.

Innate

20
Q

What is the second line of defense and is it innate or adaptive?

A

All Innate

Chemical barriers “ Interferons, Defensins, collectins

Nk Cells

Inflammation

Phagocytosis

Fever

21
Q

What are the chemical barriers and what is their function?

A

Interferons - hormone like peptides that stimulate phagocytosis

Defensins - peptides produced by neutrophils and other granulcytes that make holes in bacteria cell walls

Collectins - proteins with a broad protection against yeasts, bacteria, and some viruses

22
Q

What are NK cells and what do they do?

A

Natural killer cells a re lymphocytes and defend against viruses and cancer by secreting perforins that destroy and infected cell

Can also increase inflammation

23
Q

How does inflammation assist with defense?

What is pus?

A

Produces local redness, swelling, heat and pain

White blood cells are invading the region, lots of phagocytes to destroy all the dead cells, bacteria, and debris

Form as white blood cells, bacterial cells, and debris accumulate

24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

What are the most active phagocytes?

What attracts phagocytes?

A

removing foreign particles from lymph

neutrophils and monocytes

chemical called chemotaxis

25
Q

What causes a fever to begin?

A

When a viral or bacterial infection stiumlates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin 1

26
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

A group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis. Engulfs and slows down pathogens as well.

27
Q

What is a phagocytic rage?

A

When the hypothalamus increases the body tempurature in to start a fever. The lymphocytes work over time. Specifically monocytes and neutrophils.

28
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense?

What is it based on?

A

Adaptive immunity

Resistance to pathogens or their toxins or biproducts

the bodies ability to distinguish molecules that are self from non self

29
Q

What kind of molecules can elicit an immune response?

What are they?

example

A

Antigens and Haptens

Antigens are like markers on a cell, they can be proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

Haptens are not antigenic by themselves but in combination with another larger molecule, they can cause an immune response

A penicillin reaction is cause by haptens as well as dust and pet dander

30
Q

What is required before t-cell activation?

What are the types of T cells and their function?

What can T-cells synthesize and secrete?

A

The DC cell must present an antigen via the major histocompatibility complex

Helper T-Cells: (CD4) stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8) release perforins

Memory T cells - dont attack initially, but wait for a later encounter. They create helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells the second time around

Cytokines

31
Q

What are some types and functions of cytokines?

A

Colony-stimulating factors- stimulate bone marrow to make lymphocytes

Interferons - stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, and attack cancer cells and prevent viral replication

Interleukins - control lymphocyte growth

Tumor necrosis factor - stops tumor growth, causes fever

32
Q

When can B cells be activated?

What do they do?

A

When an Antigen fits the shape of its receptor, usually requires T cell activation and cytokines to stimulate B cells

Some become memory, some become differentiate into plasma cells and produce and secrete large globular proteins called antibodies or immuno globins

33
Q

Why would a higher response be seen the second time someone comes in contact with a pathogen?

A

Because there are already memory B cells and T cells

34
Q

What is the mechanism and result of these types of immunity?

Naturally acquired active immunity?

Artificially acquired active immunity?

Artificially acquired passive immunity?
how long does it last?

Naturally acquired passive immunity?
How long does it last?

A

exposure to live pathogens (immune response with symptoms)

Vaccine containing weakened pathogens (immune response without symptoms of a disease)

Injection of gamma globulin with antibodies or antitoxin (short-term immunity without immune response) couple of weeks

Antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity or through breast milk (short term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response) 6 months to a year

35
Q

What are the characteristics of these allergic reactions?

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

A

Immediate reaction
symptoms are hives, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances and anaphylactic shock

antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction
1-3 hours to develop
transfusion reaction

Immune-complex reaction
takes 1-3 hours to develop
antibody complexes cannot be cleared from body
causes damaged tissues

delayed-reaction allergy
results from repeated exposure to allergen
causes eruptions and inflammation of the skin
takes about 48 hours to occur

36
Q

how does a basic allergic reaction work?

A

B-cells come in contact with the allergen and plasma cells secrete antibodies

the antibodies attach to mast cells that not release allergy mediates like histamine etc.

causing a reaction

37
Q

What is a tissue rejection reaction?

How is it stopped?

A

when a donors tissues are recognized as foreign
resembles a cellular immune response against antigens

Immunosuppressive drugs used (forever) to prevent rejection

38
Q

What are the transplant types?

Donor and example

A

Isograft - identical twin- bone marrow for leukemia

Autograft - self - skin graft

Allograft - same species- kidney transplant

Xenograft - different species - heart valves from pig

39
Q

What are some lifespan changes?

A

Immune system declines later in life as thymus shrinks to only 25% potency

higher risk of infection

antibody response to antigens becomes slower

elderly may not be candidates for cetrain medical treatments that suppress immunity

Anatomy part 2 (15 decks)

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