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Anatomy part 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of plasma?

What does it do?

A

A type of connective tissue where the cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix

Transports substances between body cells and the external environment, and helps maintain a stable environment

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2
Q

What is the average blood volume in males?

What can change this?

A

about 5 liters

Varies by body size, fluid. and electrolyte balance and adipose content

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3
Q

What are the 2 major components of blood? What are the percentages
?

A

Formed elements like RBC, WBC, Platelets - 45% by weight

Plasma - water, proteins, amino acids, carbs, lipids, vitamins, electrolytes, hormones, and cellular waste - 55%

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4
Q

What are the three categories of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes - RBC

Lekocytes - WBC

Thrombocytes - platelets

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5
Q

Where is the origin location of blood in adults?

Fetus?

What large primitive cell forms all blood cells?

A

hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow

Yolk sac, liver, spleen

Hemocytoblast

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6
Q

What percentage of blood cells are RBCs?

What is the function of RBCs and what allows them to carry out the function?

What do mature cells not have?

A

99%

To carry oxygen to tissues around the body, Hemoglobin

Nuclei (anucleate)

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7
Q

What is bright red and dark red blood called?

A

oxyhemoblogin

Deoxyhemoglobin

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8
Q

How many RBCs are in blood?

A

4-6 mil / mm cubed in a healthy individual

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9
Q

What is the production of RBCs called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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10
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs ?

What secretes it?

A

Erythropoietin

Kidney and liver

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11
Q

What are the dietary requirements for maintaining a healthy supply of RBCs?

What happens if you don’t meet the nutritional need?

A

B12, and folic acid for DNA synthesis (growth and division)

and Iron (hemoglobin synthesis)

Lead to anemia

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12
Q

What is the average life span of RBCs?

What organs break them down? How?

How are the parts recycled?

A

120 days

spleen and liver, Macrophages

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
Iron is recycled
Heme is broken down into biliverdin >bilirubin>bile

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13
Q

What are the two main categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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14
Q

What are the granulocytes?

Agranulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are the characterisitics of neutrophils?

What percentage in blood?

What do they do?

When would you see more of them

A

Most abundant WBC 54%-62% of WBC

Polymorphonucleocyte

Destroys foreign particles by Phagocytosis

More in acute bacterial infections

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16
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils?

What do they do?

How do they do it?

When would you see more?

A

1-3% of WBC total
Bright red Granules, bi-lobed nucleus

Kill parasites and are responsible for allergic reactions

They release histamine during allergic reactions

Increased during parasitic infections

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17
Q

Characteristics of Basophils?

What do they do?

A

<1% of total
Bi-lobed nucleus, dark purple granules that are large

They release heparin which inhibits clotting
And histamine - a vasodilator that increases blood flow to damaged tissues

Can leave blood stream and develop into mast cells in tissues

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18
Q

Characteristics of monocytes?

What do they do?

A

3-9% of total WBC count
The Largest WBC 12-20 micrometers in diameter
agranular

Destroy stuff via phagocytosis

Can leave blood vessesls and become a macrophage in tissues

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19
Q

Characteristics of lymphocytes?

When would you see more of the,?

A

5-33% of total WBC
agranular

Live for months to years so it Functions in immunity like a “memory cell”

During TB, Whooping cough, viral infections, tissue rejection reactions, and tumors

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20
Q

What is diapedesis?

Which cells can do this and what do they become?

A

Process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues

monocytes - macrophages
Basophils - Mast cells

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21
Q

What is the average WBC count in blood?

What is WCC > 10000?
WCC < 5000?

A

5000-10000 WBC/ mm cubed

Leukocytosis
Leukopenia

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22
Q

What is a DIFF?

A

Differential white blood cell count

tells us the % of each particular type

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23
Q

What is an abnormal production of specific types of immature leucoytes?

A

Leukemia

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24
Q

What are thrombocytes?

What forms them?

What do they do?

What is a normal count?

A

Platelets

They are fragments of giant cells called megakaryocytes

Clot blood

130000-360000 / mm cubed

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25
Q

What is the function of water in plasma? How much of plasma is water?

A

functions as a solvent, in transport, temp regulation, metabolic reations

92%

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26
Q

What are the plasma gases?

A

Oxygen
CO2
Nitrogen

27
Q

What are the plasma proteins? Where are they produced? How much of plasma is protein?

A

Albumin - maintains osmotic pressure of cells, and transports fatty acids

Globulin - antibodies

Fibrinogen - blood clotting

7% of plasma volume

28
Q

What are the plasma nutrients?

What are the Nonprotein nitrogenous substances?

A

amino acids and monosaccharides like glucose

They are waste products
Urea, Uric acid, creatine, creatinin, bilirubin

29
Q

What are the main plasma electrolytes?

What do they do?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate

Maintain osmotoic pressure, resting membrane potential (because they are charged) and pH

30
Q

What is hemostasis?

What are the 3 basic steps?

What do platelets release and how does it help with this process

What is also required for hemostasis?

A

Stoppage of bleeding from a blood vessel

Blood vessel spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation

The hormone serotonin , which causes further vasoconstriction of the vessel

calcium

31
Q

Describe the process of Erythopoiesis including the negative feedback

A

The kidneys and liver monitor O2 levels. When it gets too low, they release erythropoietin into the blood stream and it stimulates the hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow producing the RBCs. The RBC count increases oxygen carrying capacity. When it reaches the amount needed, it acts like a negative feedback for the production of erythropoetin

32
Q

What is a Thrombus? Embolus?

A

A clot that is blocking vessels = bad

A traveling clot that can block a smaller vessel = bad

33
Q

Describe the clotting process

A

Platelets stick to exposed collagen in a broken blood vessel

Fibrin sticks to platelets

RBCs stick to fibrin

Thromboxine is released causing more platelets to come

34
Q

What is the function of thromboxane?

What acts as an inhibitor? how?

A

To attract more platelets

Asprin - its a COX inhibitor that prevents the formation of thromboxane

35
Q

What is blood coagulation?
What does it require?
What starts it?

A

Formation of a blood clot during hemostasis

Requires calcium ions

Extrinsic clotting mechanism
Intrinsic clotting mechanism

36
Q

What starts the extrinsic clotting mechanism?

What does the cascade lead to?

What happens next?

Then what?

A

Starts when platelets contact damaged tissue or tissue outside of the blood (extrinsic)

Cascade leads to prothrombin activator (PA released by the platelets)

PA and Ca cause prothrombin to convert to thrombin

THrombin catalyzes the final step of fibrinogen to fibren

37
Q

What catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

Thrombin

38
Q

What makes thrombin?

A

PA and Ca cause prothrombin to convert to thrombin

39
Q

What releases PA

A

Platelets

40
Q

What starts the intrinsic clotting mechanism?
What is the end result?

What is its relationship to extrinsic clotting mechanism?

A

When blood contacts a foreign substance
Fibrinogen to Fibrin

It doesn’t start it, but it does amplify it

41
Q

What happens to a damaged blood vessel after a clot has been formed?

A

The formed clot retracts and pulls the edges of the blood vessel together

Fbroblasts invade the clot, forming connective tissue throughout

Protein-splitting enzymes may eventually destroy it

42
Q

What is the function of the fibrinolytic system?

What is a thrombus?

What is an embolus?

What is an embolism?

A

Provides checks and balances so the blood clotting doesn’t go overboard.

Abnormal clot

Floating clot

When an embolus gets lodged in a small vessel obstructing blood flow

43
Q

What are some fibrolytic substances and where are they found?

A

Tissue plasminogen Activator (TPA) - protein that breaks down clots, found in cells lining blood vessels

Heparin - Anticoagulant, found in basophils and mast cells

Warfarin - anticoagulant, slower acting than heparin

44
Q

What are antigens and antibodies in blood?

A

Antigens are specific markers that identify a blood type

Antibodies are produced that attack non-self antigens

45
Q

In the real world if the wrong donor gives blood what happens?

What is it called in the lab?

A

Hemolysis

Agglutination

46
Q

When do the antibodies in plasma form?

A

Shortly after birth

47
Q

If the D antigen is present in someones blood what are they considered?

Do these antibodies for the D antigen form spontaneously in a negative person?

A

RH positive

No, they only form after exposure to the D antigen
Then they will develop antobodies

48
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

What is another name for it ?

What drug is administered for this condition, how does it work?

A

Its when the mom is RH - and shes carrying a RH + child. When the kid is born, some of the blood enters moms blood stream and she develops antibodies for the D antigen

If this happens and she has another RH + child, the condition is fatal for the child

Erythroblastosis fetalis

RhoGAM - destroys the moms antibodies before they can cross the placenta

49
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

What is the treatments for this condition?

If someone only has one allele of the gene, in what case could it be beneficial?

A

Recessive blood disorder

Blood cells are shaped like a sickle, this restricts blood flow to organs and capillaries

Folic acid and penicliilin, transfusions, bone marrow transplant

If they contracted malaria, they would have a reistance

50
Q

What is Anemia? Is it a disease?

What are signs of Anemia

What are the 3 basic things that can cause it?

A

Abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
No, it is a symptom

Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills

Insufficient erythrocytes
Decreased hemoglobin content
Abnormal hemoglobin content

51
Q

What can cause insufficient erythrocytes leading to anemia?

What causes each?

A

Hemorrhagic anemia - Loss of blood

Hemolytic anemia - Prematurely ruptured RBCs

Aplastic anemia - destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow (this needs transplant or immunosuppressants to fix )

52
Q

What can cause decreased hemoglobin content leading to anemia?

What causes each?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia - secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, not enough iron-containing food, and impaired iron absorption

Pernicious Anemia - lack of b12, or cant absorb it,

53
Q

How do you treat Pernicious Anemia

A

B12 injection or a nasal inhalation of Nascobal

54
Q

What can cause Abnormal Hemoglobin leading to anemia?

A

Thalassemia - absent or faulty globin chain making the RBCs thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

Sickle-cell anemia - defective genes creates a defective hemoglobin called HbS

HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain causing RBCs to become sickleshaped in low oxygen situations

55
Q

What is Polycythemia?

What measurement and what level is considered Polycythemia?

A

Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity

A hemocrit is used to measre and a RBC count of above 55% is polycythemia

56
Q

What are the three types and characteristics of Polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia vera - all blood cells increase

Secondary polycythemia - only red blood cells

Blood doping - more red blood cells in body on purpose

57
Q

What is a cancerous condition involving white blood cells?

Which cells can be involved ?

What happens with leukemia?

How to treat?

A

Leukemia

Myelocytic leukemia (myeloblasts) and lymphocytic (lymphocytes) leukemia

Immature white blood cells are found in the blood stream. Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leucocytes, and the cells aren’t functional.

Death is caused by internal hemorrhaging and overwhelming infections

Irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants

58
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

What is the diagnostic for this condition?

What are the indications?

What causes it ?

How is it treated?

A

Circulation of platelets is deficient

Platelet count of less than 50,000/mm3

Patients show petechial (small purple blotches on the skin due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhages

Suppression or descrution of bone marrow (radiation or malignancy)

Whole blood transfusions

59
Q

What is hemophilia? What are the different types?

What are the symptoms ?

How is it treated?

A

Hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors

Hemophillia A - most common 83% of all cases , dure to a deficiency of Factor VIII

Hemophilia B - deficiency in factor IX

Hemophilia C - mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI

Prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints

blood transdusions and injections of missing factors

60
Q

Describe the life cycle of RBCs starting from an old RBC

A

Macrophages in the liver and spleen bread down old RBCs into components

Globin is broken down into amino acids

some Heme is sent to the red bone marrow to the hemocyctoblasts

The rest is used t o make bilverdin and biliverdin –> bile and that is sent to small intestines

61
Q

What makes the yellow color in urine and brown color in poo?

A

Bilirubin and biliverdin

62
Q

What is the pathway of the extrinsic cascade?

What factor is in both extrinsic and intrinsic?

A

Tissue factor from damaged tissue
7
10

Factor 10 is in both

63
Q

What are the Factors in the intrinsic cascade?

A 
12
11
9
8
10
5
64
Q

Which factors make prothrombin into thrombin?

A

10 and 5

Anatomy part 2 (15 decks)

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