Digestive lab

Question 1

What is the beginning of the digestive system?

What kind of digestion?

Answer 1

The mouth

Mechanical via mixing and breaking apart
and Chemical starts to break down carbohydrates

Question 2

How is the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth?

Where would someone get tonsilitis?

What are the lingual tonsils?

Answer 2

The lingual frenulum

The palatine tonsils

Lymphatic tissue in the posterior region of mouth

Question 3

How many primary (deciduous) teeth? When do we have them?

How many secondary (permanent) teeth?

Answer 3

20 teeth at 6 months until 2-4 years. teeth pushed out of socked around age 6

32 teeth

Question 4

What are the layers of the tooth from outside in?

What is the calcified layer that covers the root of the tooth?

What holds the tooth in and where is it?

Answer 4

Crown- projects above gum line , covered by enamel

Dentin - living cellular tissue

Pulp cavity - cavity for blood vessels, nerves, and CT

Cementum

Peridontal ligament- outside of the cementum

Question 5

What two types of cells are in the salivary glands?
what is their function?

What is the salivary glands responsible for?

Answer 5

Serous cells- secretes salivary amylase
Mucous cells - secretes thick mucus that binds food and provides lubrication

chemical digestion of carbohydrates via salivary amylase and to make sure food goes down smoothly with mucus

Question 6

Where are the salivary glands and what types of cells does each have?

Which is the largest and smallest?

Which would swell if someone had mumps?

Answer 6

Parotid glands - serous cells, anterior to each ear

Submandibular glands , serous and mucous cells, floor of mouth

Sublingual glands, mucous cells, inferior to tongue, smallest in size

Largest is parotid
Sublingual is smallest

parotid

Question 7

What are the areas of the pharynx? What is the digestive function of each?

Answer 7

Nasopharynx - no digestive function

Oropharynx - provides passage for food from mouth and air from nasal cavity

Laryngopharynx - passageway to esophagus

Question 8

Where is the esophagus?

How long is it?

Where does food enter the stomach?

What happens if its not closed?

Answer 8

Posterior to trachea

25 cm

lower esophageal sphincter

reflux of juices (heartburn)

Question 9

What is peristalsis?

Answer 9

The contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to move a bolus through the alimentary canal

Question 10

What does the stomach do?

Answer 10

Mixes food and gastric juices

Starts digestion of proteins

Moves food into the small intestines

Question 11

What are the folds in the stomach called? What happens when the stomach is disdended?

Answer 11

Folds of rugae

they dissapear

Question 12

What are the regions of the stomach?

Answer 12

cardia - where the lower esophogeal sphincter is

Fundus - rounded top portion to the left

Body - large central portion

Antrum - Bottom right

Pylorus - inferior region that leads into the pyloric sphincter

Question 13

In the stomach, what are mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells for?

Answer 13

secrete mucus coating

Secrete pepsinogen (breakdown of proteins)

Secrete HCL

Question 14

What are the hormones released by the exocrine areas of the pancrease? What is their function?

Answer 14

Pancreatic amylase - digests carbohydrates 
Pancreatic lipase - digests fats 
Trypsin - Digests proteins 
Chymotrypsin - digests proteins
Carboxypeptidase - digests proteins 
Nucleases - digests nucleic acids

Question 15

What is the largest internal organ?
What is the functional unit?
What are the 4 lobes?
Overall functions?

Answer 15

The liver
Hepatic lobules

Right, left, caudate, and quadrate

Functions are the make bile salts to emulsify fats
break down toxins
make plasma proteins and heparin
carb metabolism
stores substances like ion, copper, vitamins A,D,E, and B12

Question 16

Describe the gall bladder

What connects it to the liver?

What is its function?

When does it release it?

What are Gallstones?

Answer 16

pear shaped green sac

the cystic duct

stores and concentrates bile made by the liver

it releases bile when stimulated by CCK or when fats are present in small intestines

Gall stones are when cholesterol in bile crystalizes and lodges in cystic duct to cause jaundice and pain

Question 17

What is jaundice? Is it a disease?

Answer 17

Bile present in tissues and blood vessels, its a symptom not a disease

Question 18

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestines? Starting with the pyloric sphyncter

If applicable what would you find in each?

Where do the small intestines begin and end?

Answer 18

Duodenum - many villi, mucous secreting glands to protect duodenum from acidic chyme

Jejunum - suspended by mesentery

Ileum - numberous lymph nodes called Peyers patches, suspended by memsentery

The begin with the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter and they end at the iliocecal valve with the illeum

Question 19

What is food called when it is going down the esophogas?

What is it called when it enters the small intestines?

Answer 19

Bolus

Chyme

Question 20

What is the structure and function of a villi?

Answer 20

They offer larger surface area for absorption of nutrients

At the center there is a lacteal to absorb fat and surrounding the lacteal is capillaries for nutrient absorption

Question 21

Where are the intestinal glands and what do they do?

Answer 21

They are between villi and they secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes that villi absorb

Question 22

Where does the large intestines begin and end?

What are the names of the colons starting with the cecum?

Answer 22

At the ilieum with the iliocecal valve and ends at the anus

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending, sigmoid “S” colon then rectum

Question 23

What part of the large intestines is the anal canal?

What type of epithelium?

What are the sphincters and are they involuntary or voluntary?

Answer 23

The last 2.5 to 4cm

stratified squamous epithelium

Internal anal sphincter -smooth muscle

External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle

Question 24

What is the digestive function of the large intestines?

Answer 24

Very little digestive function

Residual chyme digested by bacteria produces some residual vitamins, specifically K

electrolytes and remaining water is absorbed