Digestive lab Flashcards
What is the beginning of the digestive system?
What kind of digestion?
The mouth
Mechanical via mixing and breaking apart
and Chemical starts to break down carbohydrates
How is the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth?
Where would someone get tonsilitis?
What are the lingual tonsils?
The lingual frenulum
The palatine tonsils
Lymphatic tissue in the posterior region of mouth
How many primary (deciduous) teeth? When do we have them?
How many secondary (permanent) teeth?
20 teeth at 6 months until 2-4 years. teeth pushed out of socked around age 6
32 teeth
What are the layers of the tooth from outside in?
What is the calcified layer that covers the root of the tooth?
What holds the tooth in and where is it?
Crown- projects above gum line , covered by enamel
Dentin - living cellular tissue
Pulp cavity - cavity for blood vessels, nerves, and CT
Cementum
Peridontal ligament- outside of the cementum
What two types of cells are in the salivary glands?
what is their function?
What is the salivary glands responsible for?
Serous cells- secretes salivary amylase
Mucous cells - secretes thick mucus that binds food and provides lubrication
chemical digestion of carbohydrates via salivary amylase and to make sure food goes down smoothly with mucus
Where are the salivary glands and what types of cells does each have?
Which is the largest and smallest?
Which would swell if someone had mumps?
Parotid glands - serous cells, anterior to each ear
Submandibular glands , serous and mucous cells, floor of mouth
Sublingual glands, mucous cells, inferior to tongue, smallest in size
Largest is parotid
Sublingual is smallest
parotid
What are the areas of the pharynx? What is the digestive function of each?
Nasopharynx - no digestive function
Oropharynx - provides passage for food from mouth and air from nasal cavity
Laryngopharynx - passageway to esophagus
Where is the esophagus?
How long is it?
Where does food enter the stomach?
What happens if its not closed?
Posterior to trachea
25 cm
lower esophageal sphincter
reflux of juices (heartburn)
What is peristalsis?
The contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to move a bolus through the alimentary canal
What does the stomach do?
Mixes food and gastric juices
Starts digestion of proteins
Moves food into the small intestines
What are the folds in the stomach called? What happens when the stomach is disdended?
Folds of rugae
they dissapear
What are the regions of the stomach?
cardia - where the lower esophogeal sphincter is
Fundus - rounded top portion to the left
Body - large central portion
Antrum - Bottom right
Pylorus - inferior region that leads into the pyloric sphincter
In the stomach, what are mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells for?
secrete mucus coating
Secrete pepsinogen (breakdown of proteins)
Secrete HCL
What are the hormones released by the exocrine areas of the pancrease? What is their function?
Pancreatic amylase - digests carbohydrates Pancreatic lipase - digests fats Trypsin - Digests proteins Chymotrypsin - digests proteins Carboxypeptidase - digests proteins Nucleases - digests nucleic acids
What is the largest internal organ?
What is the functional unit?
What are the 4 lobes?
Overall functions?
The liver
Hepatic lobules
Right, left, caudate, and quadrate
Functions are the make bile salts to emulsify fats
break down toxins
make plasma proteins and heparin
carb metabolism
stores substances like ion, copper, vitamins A,D,E, and B12
Describe the gall bladder
What connects it to the liver?
What is its function?
When does it release it?
What are Gallstones?
pear shaped green sac
the cystic duct
stores and concentrates bile made by the liver
it releases bile when stimulated by CCK or when fats are present in small intestines
Gall stones are when cholesterol in bile crystalizes and lodges in cystic duct to cause jaundice and pain
What is jaundice? Is it a disease?
Bile present in tissues and blood vessels, its a symptom not a disease
What are the 3 divisions of the small intestines? Starting with the pyloric sphyncter
If applicable what would you find in each?
Where do the small intestines begin and end?
Duodenum - many villi, mucous secreting glands to protect duodenum from acidic chyme
Jejunum - suspended by mesentery
Ileum - numberous lymph nodes called Peyers patches, suspended by memsentery
The begin with the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter and they end at the iliocecal valve with the illeum
What is food called when it is going down the esophogas?
What is it called when it enters the small intestines?
Bolus
Chyme
What is the structure and function of a villi?
They offer larger surface area for absorption of nutrients
At the center there is a lacteal to absorb fat and surrounding the lacteal is capillaries for nutrient absorption
Where are the intestinal glands and what do they do?
They are between villi and they secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes that villi absorb
Where does the large intestines begin and end?
What are the names of the colons starting with the cecum?
At the ilieum with the iliocecal valve and ends at the anus
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending, sigmoid āSā colon then rectum
What part of the large intestines is the anal canal?
What type of epithelium?
What are the sphincters and are they involuntary or voluntary?
The last 2.5 to 4cm
stratified squamous epithelium
Internal anal sphincter -smooth muscle
External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle
What is the digestive function of the large intestines?
Very little digestive function
Residual chyme digested by bacteria produces some residual vitamins, specifically K
electrolytes and remaining water is absorbed
