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Anatomy part 2 > Endocrine lecture > Flashcards

Endocrine lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine systems main function?

How does it accomplish this?

A

To maintain homeostasis via secreting hormones into the circulatory system that cause a response at a target cell

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system and the nervous system have in common?

How does the endocrine system prevent a mixup in cell communication?

A

They both communicate via chemical messengers

Neurotransmitters in the nervous system or Hormones in the endocrine system

Hormones only work on cells with target receptors

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3
Q

What type of glands are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless, they secrete hormones into the blood stream, they dont need a duct. Exocrine glands have ducts

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4
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A powerful chemical messenger that is secreted by an endocrine gland that affects the function of a target cell

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5
Q

How are hormones regulated? Generally

how much of a hormone is needed and how long do the effects last?

A

By a negative feedback loop

Very small amounts are required and produce long lasting effects up to years (ie Puberty)

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6
Q

What is a steriod?

What is so special about them?

A

fat soluable hormone

Can pass through the target cells membrane easily because it is fat soluable

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7
Q

What is a nonsteroid hormone?

What is so special?

A

Water soluable

Cannot pass through the cell membrane by itself so it requires a receptor

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8
Q

What is up-regulation? Why does a cell do this?

What is down-regulation?

A

Increase in receptors due to decrease in hormones
Because it wants to catch all the hormones it can

Decrease in receptors due to decrease in hormones

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9
Q

What is the basic hormone action sequence of steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

Diffuse through the cell membrane

Bind to receptor protein

New hormone/receptor complex alters gene expression in cell

This causes new proteins to be created that carry our the function signaled by the protein

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10
Q

What is the basic action of a nonsteroid hormone?

Give an example?

A

Binds to a receptor on the outside of a cell because it cant get in. The hormone is the first messenger.

The results in an increase or decrease in the second messenger

Second messenger activates protein cascade that leads to cellular changes

cAMP is used as a first messenger, it can catalyze reaction inside the cell

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11
Q

What is the first messenger?

What is a second messenger?

A

A nonsteroid hormone that binds to a receptor outside the cell

Whatever carries out the hormones functions

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12
Q

What is Prostaglandin?

Are they stored?

What is their function? characteristics?

Example

A

Locally acting messenger molecules (paracrine) that are potent in small amounts

Not stored, produced just prior to release

They sometimes alter other hormones, are rapidly inactivated

Inflammatory response to pain, fever

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13
Q

What is half life?

Which hormones have a long half life?

A

The time it takes for half a hormone to be removed from plasma

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormone effects last for days

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14
Q

How are hormone levels controlled?

A

A combination of 3 types of controls

Tropic hormones of hypothalamus

Nervous control by autonomic nervous system (if you need something fast)

regulation of blood levels

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15
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and how big is it?

What structure does it connect to? How?

A

Base of the brain about 1cm in diameter

Connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

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16
Q

How does the hypothalamus signal the release of the pituitary hormones?

A

Hypophyseal portal system -blood vessels to anterior pituitary allow tropic hormones to have direct access to the pituitary

Nerve axons- hypothalamus axons extend into posterior pituitary that triggers the release ADH and oxytocin

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17
Q

What are the 6 hormones of the Ant. Pituitary?

A 
human growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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18
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary?

What hormones does it produce?

What hormones does it store and secrete?

A

It is behind the anterior pituitary

It doesnt produce any hormones, only stores them

Antidiureteic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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19
Q

What is another name for the Antidiuretic hormone?

A

Vasopressin

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20
Q

What is the most important element to the thyroid gland?

A

Iodine

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21
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

What is it composed of?

What hormones does it produce?

A

In the throat

Composed of follicles that uptake iodine

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

22
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

What hormones does it produce?
What does it do to vitamin D?

A

4 small glands on the posterior side of the thyroid

Makes Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Activates vitamin D to calcitriol

23
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

How are they divided?

What is its function?

A

Atop the kidney, and are retroperitoneal (serous membrane)

Divided into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Secretes hormones that affect heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and sex organs

24
Q

What is the category of hormones that the adrenal medulla produces and what nervous system does it affect?

A

Catecholamines (sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system)

25
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

What are the two divisions?
What are their functions?

A

Behind the left side of the stomach on the let side of the abdomen

Endocrine (islets of langerhans) releases hormones

Exocrine (digestive function

26
Q

What are the hormones released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens and estrogens

27
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

28
Q

What are the hormones produced by the pancreatic islets of langerhans?

A

Glucagon

Insulin

29
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?
What is its endocrine function?>
what hormone does it secrete?

A

Attached to the thalamus of the brain stem

Controls the circadian rhythm

Secrets Melatonin

30
Q

Where is the thymus gland?

What does it produce?

What is the glands main function?

Special properties?

A

In the mediastinum over the heart

Thymosin

Affects the maturation of lymphocyte T-cells

Decreases in size with age

31
Q

What contributes to the ovarian follicle maturing?

What does the Luteinizing hormone do to the mature ovarian follicle?

What happens to the follicle ?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Causes the mature follicle to rupture

Becomes corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

32
Q

What does the corpus luteum do to the uterine lining?

A

Prepares it for the implantation of a zygote

33
Q

How does the body respond to stress?

A

The hypothalamus responds by

Activating adrenal medulla - short term
Activating adrenal cortex - long term

34
Q

What happens to the adrenal glands with age?

A

The shrink but hormone levels remain normal generally

35
Q

What problems can arrise with hormone level changes with age?

A

Decrease in calcitonin and PTH - osteoperosis risk

Muscle, liver, and fat cells can become insulin resistant

melatonin secretion affected by body clock

thymosin production declines, decreaes disease resistance

36
Q

What are the three types of hormone interactions?

Give examples

A

Permissive effect - second hormone strengthens effect of the first. (thyroid helps epinephrine’s effect during lipolysis)

Synergist effect - two hormones acting together for a common goal (estrogen and LH for oocyte production)

Antagonist effect - two hormones with opposite effects (Insulin promotes glycogen formation and Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown)

37
Q

What is cretenism? What causes it?
Traits?

What type of disorder?

A

insufficiency of T3 and T4 during fetal life and infancy

Caused by insufficient iodine in the diet

dwarfism and metal disabilites

Thyroid disorder

38
Q

What is Myxedema? What kind of disorder?
sympotoms?
Treatments?

A

Thyroid disorder where the thyroid activity decreases during adulthood

Edema, slow heart rate, low body temp, muscular weakness

Thyroid hormone therapy

39
Q

What is Graves disease? What type of disorder?

Symptoms?

A

Thyroid disorder where the thyroid grows and has a hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (keeps making t3 and t4)

increased metabolic rate, weight loss, termors/nervousness Exopthalmos (eyes protruding from skull)

40
Q

What is Simple Goiter?

What causes it?

A

Thyroid disorder where the gland is enlarged

Caused by deficiency iodine in the diet

41
Q

What is Addisons disease?

Symptoms?

Treatment?

What is an addisonian crisis?

A

Adrenal glands cannot produce enough steroid hormones due to autoimmunity or disease

Adrenal dysgenesis, mental lethargy, anorexia, nausea, hypoglycemia,

Steroid replacement is needed

coma or potential death associated with the disease

42
Q

What is cushings syndrome?

symptoms??

Treatment?

A

Chronic excess of AC hormones due to pituitary tumor or steroid administration

redistribution of fat, thin limbs due to muscle waste, poor wound healing, thin skin, hypertension, mood swings

Surgery, chemotherapy, and cortisol inhibiting drugs

43
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

What happens and what causes type 1?

symptoms?

Treatment?

A

hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin

cells cannot use glucose so fat is broken down
its an autoimmune disorder where the B cells in the pancreas are destroyed

Huge urine output, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and food consumption

Insulin administration

44
Q

When do you see type 2 diabetes?
What is happening?
how is controlled?

A

Patients over 40
overweight and hyper tensive

pancrease is producing insulin, but receptors on target cells are increasingly intolerant

controlled with diet, exercise, and weight loss, oral drugs and injections

45
Q

What is hyperinsulinism?

A

Excess insulin secretion resulting in hypoglycemia

46
Q

What is gigantism? What does it cause?

A

Hyperfunction of the pituitary, to much GH in preadolescent - overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive talleness

47
Q

What is acromegaly? What does it cause?

Treatments?

A

Hyperfunction of the pituitary in adults.

over development of bones in face, hands, and feet
attacks cartilage, so chin protrudes, lips, nose, and extremeties enlarge

Drugs to inhibit growth hormone

48
Q

What is dwarfism?
Symptoms?

treatment?

A

hypofunction of pituitary gland in childhood

small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal

sexual immaturity

if an early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

49
Q

Describe the pathway of thyroid hormone control for T3 and T4

What are the target cells for t3 and t4?

A

The hypothalamus releases TRH (thryroid releasing hormone)

TRH travels down the hypophyseal portal system to the ant. pituitary gland

TRH binds with thyrotrope cells in the ant. pituitary

The thyrotrope cells release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into the blood stream

TSH travels around the circulatory system until it comes in contact with the thyroid cells

When TSH binds with the cells in the thyroid , the thyroid starts producing T3 and T4 and secretes it into the blood stream to go to the target cells

Target cells are all tissues in the body, because they control the bodies metabolism

50
Q

Which thyroid hormone is more prevalent?

Which one is stronger?

A

Thyroxine is more prevalent

Triiodothyronine is 4 times as strong as T4

51
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?
What is the middle?

What does each secret?

What controls the release of hormones in each layer?

A

Zona Glomerulosa - Aldosterone - Angiotensin 2 (released by the kidneys)

Zona Fasciculata - Cortisol - (ACTH in the pituitary)

Zona Reticularis - Sex steroids (ACTH in the pituitary)

Medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine - (nervous system)

Anatomy part 2 (15 decks)

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