Cardiovascular system 1 Flashcards by Chris y

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

To move substances throughout the body

like supplying tissues and cells with O2 and carrying away wastes

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What is the systemic and pulmonary circuit?

The systemic circuit delivers oxygen to all body cells and carries away wastes

Pulmonary circuit eliminates CO2 in the blood and oxygenates it

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What are the membranes of the heart from the inside out?

Visceral pericardium - innermost covering surrounding the heart muscle

Parietal pericardium - inner lining of fibrous pericardium

Pericardial cavity - filled with serous fluid

Fibrous pericardium - outermost protective layer of CT

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What are the layers of the walls of the heart from outside in?

Epicardium - also the visceral pericardium

Myocardium - cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium - Smooth inner lining of hear chambers and valves

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What separates the atria and the ventricles?

When the atria receives blood, is it passive or active

Interatrial septum and interventricular septime

Passive

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What are the irregular inner surfaces of the ventricles called? Look like ridges and folds.

What are the tendon-like, fibrous cords that connect the cusps of AV valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles

Trabeculae carnae

Cordae tendonae

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What muscles columns that are located on the inner surface of ventricles that hold the chordae tendonae.

Papillary Muscles

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What do arteries do?

Which artery carries blood to the heart muscles?

Carry blood away from the heart

Coronary Arteries

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What do veins do?

Which vein brings blood from the myocardium and dumps it in the right atrium?

How many pulmonary veins are there?

carry blood to the heart

Coronary sinus

4, 2 from right and 2 from left lung

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How many different areas are measured in the heart during an EKG?

What is the P wave?

QRS wave?

T wave?

When does atrial repolarization take places?

12 angles

atrial depolarization

ventricular depolarization

ventricular repolarization

during the qrs wave, but its so small of a signal its not detectable

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During Atrial systole and ventricular diastole, what is happening?

Blood flows passively into ventricles, final 30% is pushed
AV valves open and semilunar valves closed
the ventricles relax causing an increase in ventricular pressure from the filling with blood

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During Ventricular systole and atrial diastole, what is happening?

AV valves close
Chordae tendinae prevent the cusps of valves from bulging too far into atria

atria relax

blood flows into the atria

ventricular pressure increases and opens the SL valves

Blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta

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What is the lubb

What is the dupp?

What is an abnormal heart bear?

Ventricular systole

Ventricular diastole

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What are the 4 areas that you can listen to the heart?

Aortic

tricuspid

pulmonary

Mitral

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What is a mass of cells that functions as a group?

What are the 2 areas in the heart?

Syncytium

Atrial syncytium

Ventrical Syncytium

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Which system coordinates the events of the cardiac cycle?

How many of the hearts cells are involved?

THe Cardiac conduction system

About 1%

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What is the Conduction pathway of the heart?

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Perkije fibers

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What is an EKG and what is it used for?

Electrocardiogram

Recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle

Used for assessing the hearts ability to conduct impulses

What is the main structure that controls the heart rate?

What are some additional things that can control the heart rate?

SA node

Parasympathetic, sympathetic fibers

Physical exercise, body temp
Cocentration of Sodium, potassium, and Calcium

What is the pathway of blood generally from the heart back to the heart starting with arteries?

Arteries 
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Heart

What are Arterioles? Capillaries? Venules?

Receive blood from arteries and carry blood to the capillaries

Capillaries - sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells

Venules - receive blood from capillaries

What are the layers of the walls of blood vessels called?

Tunica Externa - Connective tissue\

Tunica Media - Smooth muscle and connective tissue

Tunica Interna - endothelial lining

What are the smallest blood vessels? What do they connect?

What are the walls made up of?

What are they extensions of?

Special traits?

Capillaries

Connect the smalles arterioles and the smallest venules

Walls are made of endothelial tissues only

Inner lining of arterioles

Semipermeable

What do veins have that arteries don’t and why?

Where are most of the veins in the body?

Valves

The pressure is greater in arteries and gravity is on their side. Valves are needed to prevent backflow

The the systemic area, below the diaphragm

What is blood pressure? What type of vessel is it measuring ? What is systolic pressure? What is diastolic pressure?

The force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels. Usually arteries max pressure during ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure min pressure when they relax

``` What is hypotension? Desired pressure? prehypertension? Stage 1? Stage 2? Hypertensive crisis? ```

= 180 >=110

What can affect arteriole blood pressure?

``` Blood volume increase Heart rate increase Stroke volume increase Blood viscosity peripheral resistance ```

By what formula is blood pressure determined?

BP=Cardiac output X peripheral resistance

As cardiac output is rising, how does the body counteract?

Baroreceptors in he aortic arch and carotoid sinuses are stimulated because pressure is rising and send impulses to the cardiac center area of the brain. Parasympathetic impulses are sent to the heart SA node is inhibited Heart rate decreases Blood pressure returns to normal

As blood pressure rises, how does the body counteract?

Stimulation of baroreceptors send impulses to the vasomotor center slowing down sympathetic impulses to the heart. Areterioles dialate and reduce peripheral resistance returning blood pressure to normal

How does blood gain enough pressure to move to the heart in the veins?

Skeletal muscle contration breathing venoconstriction veins also have valves that prevent backflow

All veins drain blood into the right atrium except?

Pulmonary veins

What does a weakly beating heart contribute to pressure wise? What does it cause?

Increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back up into the peripheral veins, which leads to peripheral edema

What is the systemic circuit?

Blood vessels that lead from he heart to all body parts except the lungs Including aorta and branches and beins that retun blood to right atrium

What arteries does the first branch of the aorta make? 2nd? 3rd?

Right subclavian, right common carotid left common carotid left subclavian

What are defibrillators for? What do they do? What is it called when the heart stops? Can a defibrillator help in this situation?

Depolarizes critical amount of heart muscle Terminating dysrhythmia making normal sinus rhythm (SA Node) Asystole No, need CPR not a defibrillator

What is Pericarditis? What causes it? Who does it affect? Symptoms

Sac around heart becomes inflamed Normally from a virus men 20-50 after respiratory infections and children due to virus edema on bottom half of body Chest pain Breathing difficulty when lying down

What is Mitral valve prolapse? Does it affect lifestyle? Symptoms? How do they test? How is it treated?

The mitral valve is unable to close properly Generally no, only in about 10% of cases palpitations, chest pain, difficulty breathing EKG, xrays (left Vent will be enlarged, MRI If needed, repair or replace valve, blood thinners to prevent clots

What is a myocardial infarction? What causes it? Symptoms? How to test?

WHen blood flow to heart is blocked, muscle can be damaged or die Blood clot in coronary arteries, (plaque builds up and tears vessel which forms a clot chestpain longer than 20 minutes, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness Angiogram, ECG, troponin blood test

What is Cardiogenic shock? When might it occur?

irreparable tissue damage and cannot supply blood to the rest of the body

What is an Arrhythmia? What are the types?

abnormal electrical activity in heart Tachycardia : beating too fast Bradycardia : beating too slow

What is hypertension? What can contribute to this? Symptoms? How to fix?

High blood pressure water and salt content of body conditions of kidneys, nervous system, blood vessels (they get stiffer with age) Generally no symptoms Controlled with lifestyle changes and medicnes

What is Cardiac Tamponade? What is happening? What causes it? symptoms diagnosis? treatment?

Compression of heart when fluid fills up inside the pericardium Ventricles cannot expand fully, causing low blood pressure and low oxygen to tissues could be many things, viral, tumors, heart attacks, surgeries, kidney failure chestpain, difficulty breathing, pale or grey skin, palpitations, anxiety EKC, x-rays, CT scan,angiography Drain fluid via pericardiocentesis, give O2