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HL22015 physiology > Resistance exercise 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Resistance exercise 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is resistance exercise?

A

Any exercise that causes the muscle to contract against an external resistance with the primary aim of improving muscle strength

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2
Q

Three types of resistance exercise?

A

Concentric, eccentric, isometric

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3
Q

How do concentric exercises work?

A

They shorten the muscle

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4
Q

How do eccentric exercises work?

A

They lengthen the muscle

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5
Q

How do isometric exercises work?

A

They generate force without changing the length of the muscle

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6
Q

Issue with definition of resistance exercise?

A

“external resistance” is a relative term

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7
Q

What is strength?

A

Capacity to exert force under a set of biomechanical conditions

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8
Q

What is the short term effect of resistance training?

A

negative

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9
Q

Actual short term effects of resistance training?

A

Fatiguing, damaging

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10
Q

What is supercompensation?

A

An increase in capacity after a recovery from a resistance exercise

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11
Q

What is involution?

A

The returning to original capacity after a supercomposition if nothing is done to maintain it

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12
Q

What makes a muscle stronger?

A

size

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13
Q

What attaches a muscle to a bone?

A

A tendon

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14
Q

Name for a bundle of muscle fibres?

A

Fasiculus

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15
Q

How many myofibrils in a single muscle fibre?

A

roughly 2000

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16
Q

What makes up muscle fasicles?

A

Muscle fibres

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17
Q

How many myonuclei per muscle fibre?

A

200-300

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18
Q

What connects myosin to Z lines?

A

titin

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19
Q

Step 1 of muscle contraction?

A

AP arrives at neuromuscular junction

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20
Q

What happens after AP arrives at neuromuscular junction?

A

ACh is released

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21
Q

What happens as a result of ACh release in muscle?

A

Depolarization as a result of binding to receptors in myocyte membrane

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22
Q

What happens as a result of depolarisation?

A

Ca2+ is released inside the cell from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

What does Ca2+ bind to after being released?

A

Troponin

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24
Q

What happens as a result of Ca2+ binding to tropinin?

A

Troponin changes shape

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25
Q

What happens as a result of troponin changing shape?

A

Tropomyosin is moved from the active site of the actin filament

26
Q

What happens after tropomyosin has moved from the actin filament’s active site?

A

Myosin attaches to actin, forming a cross bridge at a binding site?

27
Q

What happens as a result of myosin forming a cross bridge?

A

ATP attached to the myosin head it broken down to release energy for a power stroke of the myosin filament

28
Q

What happens as a result of a power stroke?

A

Z lines move together

29
Q

What does it mean if Z lines have moved together?

A

Sarcomere length is reduced–> contracting

30
Q

What happens after the Z lines have moved closer together?

A

A new ATP molecule binds to the myosin head

31
Q

What happens as a result of a new ATP binding to the myosin head?

A

The head is released from the actin binding site

32
Q

What happens if there is still calcium left in the cell once the myosin head has released?

A

It will attach to the next nearest actin filament binding site

33
Q

What happens if there is no Ca2+ or ATP?

A

The process stops

34
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Net muscle gain

35
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Net muscle loss

36
Q

What happens to muscle synthesis when amino acids are ingested?

A

The rate of muscle synthesis increases

37
Q

What happens to the rate of muscle breakdown when AAs are ingested?

A

decreases

38
Q

What happens to the rate of muscle synthesis a while after AA ingestion?

A

Decreases

39
Q

What happens to the rate of muscle breakdown a while after AA ingestion?

A

Increases/ returns to original level

40
Q

What happens to muscle breakdown if you do exercise a while after eating?

A

It increases higher than it would do if you hadn’t done exercise

41
Q

What happens to muscle synthesis if you do exercise after eating?

A

It increases a lot

42
Q

How does muscle synthesis increase after doing exercise?

A

The anabolic response is primed as a result of doing resistance exercise

43
Q

How long is the anabolic response primed post exercise?

A

24-48 hrs

44
Q

What happens to hypertrophy after the onset of training?

A

It is delayed

45
Q

Why is hypertrophy delayed after training?

A

A lot of the muscle protein synthesis is repairing the muscles that were damaged as a result of the training, so it isnt “new” muscle

46
Q

What happens to muscle synthesis as you train more?

A

There is less muscle damage, so more of the muscle synthesis is going to hypertrophy instead of repair

47
Q

Why do muscles look larger after training even though they have been damaged?

A

Oedema induced muscle swelling

48
Q

What is Oedema induced muscle swelling?

A

A swelling in response to the muscles being damaged

49
Q

What happens as a result of Oedema induced muscle swelling?

A

The muscle size/cross sectional area is artificially increased

50
Q

Why does hypertrophy slowly plateau as you train more?

A

The “priming effect” loses its potency so less hypertrophy occurs

51
Q

What did the Damas 2017 study show about trained muscle hypertrophy effect in response to damage compared to non-trained muscle?

A

The initial increase in hypertrophy immediately post training for the trained muscle was the same as the untrained muscle (“priming effect”) however it dropped off over time a lot faster than the untrained muscle did

52
Q

What is muscle fibre hypertrophy?

A

The muscle cells getting bigger

53
Q

What is muscle fibre hyperplasia?

A

The amount of cells increasing

54
Q

What increases post resistance training?

A

Fibre hypertrophy

55
Q

How does myofiber hypertrophy happen?

A

myofibril splitting

56
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

An organelle in a muscle cell

57
Q

Role of myofibril?

A

produce contraction

58
Q

Why is it a challenge to measure hyperplasia

A

Would have to chop leg in half, count number of cells, do exercise, chop leg in half and count cells again

59
Q

When does hyperplasia definitely occur?

A

In utero (when foetus is growing)

60
Q

At what point in utero does myofiber hyperplasia stop?

A

24 weeks (60-70% of mammalian gestation)

HL22015 physiology (17 decks)

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