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HL22015 physiology > Energy balance and substrate metabolism > Flashcards

Energy balance and substrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How can energy balance be altered?

A

Changing energy intake or expenditure

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2
Q

Positive energy balance?

A

More in than out

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3
Q

Negative energy balance?

A

More out than in

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4
Q

How to increase energy balance?

A

Increase intake/decrease expenditure

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5
Q

How to decrease energy balance?

A

Decrease intake/increase expenditure

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6
Q

What components of energy intake are there?

A

Carbs, fat, protein, alcohol

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7
Q

Components of energy expenditure?

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE)

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8
Q

What is RMR?

A

Resting metabolic rate–> the energy needed to keep us alive

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9
Q

What is DIT?

A

Energy used to digest, absorb and metabolise the food we have eaten

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10
Q

What is PAEE?

A

Energy used by muscles when they produce force

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11
Q

Two main energy stores?

A

Carbs and fat

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12
Q

Which energy store can store more energy (fat or carbs)?

A

Fat

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13
Q

Where can fat be stored?

A

Blood, muscle and adipose tissue

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14
Q

Where is the largest method of storing fat?

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

How much fat (in kcal) can be stored?

A

> 100,000

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16
Q

Where can carbohydrates be stored?

A

Blood, muscle, liver

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17
Q

Where is the largest carbohydrate store?

A

Muscles

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18
Q

In what form is the largest carbohydrate store kept?

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

What is the relationship between endurance training status and amount of muscle glycogen that someone can store?

A

More endurance trained means ability to store more muscle glycogen

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20
Q

How much carbs can the body store?

A

3200 kcal

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21
Q

What is denovolipogenesis?

A

Conversion of non-fat sources to fat

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22
Q

What happens if you have more than 3200kcal of carbs?

A

Denovolipogenesis

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23
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone

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24
Q

Role of leptin?

A

Regulates appetite

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25
What is the result of someone with leptin deficiency?
They gain a lot of non-lean body mass
26
What kind of tissue releases leptin?
Fat tissue
27
What happens to leptin secretion as a result of an increase in fat?
The fat tissue releases more leptin
28
Cause of leptin deficiency?
Mutation in gene sequence coding for the leptin protein
29
Main issue with measuring energy intake?
Observation effect--> when you know someone is observing you you modify your behaviour, reporting bias-->sometimes people underreport what they consume, participant recall--> people forget what theyve eaten
30
Which kind of sports have the highest energy intake?
Endurance (cross country skiing, triathlon) and large muscle mass (rugby, bodybuilding)
31
What is the energy density of protein?
4kcal/g
32
What is the energy density of fat?
9kcal/g
33
What is the energy density of carbohydrates?
4kcal/g
34
What is the energy density of ethanol?
7kcal/g
35
Difference in energy balance in high or low fat diet?
High fat diet leads to more fat balance (high +ve) than low fat diet (-ve) , difference is >400g
36
What is the difference in calories consumed between high and low fat diets (mass of food consumed is same)?
High fat diets have a higher energy intake than low fat diets as fats are more energy dense than carbs
37
What is most of the difference in energy balance between high and low fat diets caused by?
Energy density
38
Which macronutrient is the most satiating?
Protein
39
What is a preload drink?
A drink drunk before a large intake of energy (a meal)
40
What happens to energy intake of a meal as the protein content of the preload drunk before increases?
It decreases
41
What is measured in direct calorimetry?
The heat produced by someone
42
Issues with a direct calorimetry machine?
Need to be quite small (people cant move), very expensive
43
What does indirect calorimetry measure?
Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
44
Ways to measure energy expenditure in free living conditionds?
Self report questionnaire, doubly labelled water, pedometers, accelerometers, accelerometry and heart rate combined (aciheart)
45
Benefits of self report energy expenditure?
Easy to administer to a large group, low cost
46
Issues of self report energy expenditure?
Reporting bias--> underreport intake and overreport exercise
47
Benefits of doubly labelled water?
Precise and accurate
48
Issues with doubly labelled water?
Expensive and technically challenging-> cannot be used on a large group
49
What does the AciHeart measure?
Accelerometry and heart rate
50
How does doubly labelled water work?
Ingest a dose of water with heavier H and O isotopes. O loss is steeper when measured as it is lost in CO2 and H20 whereas H is only lost in H2O. Difference between the two is the average CO2 produced over that time period
51
Strengths of DLW?
Doesnt need to rely on accurate patient reporting
52
Technical limitations of DLW?
Ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption varied depending on diet of person, so O2 consumption isnt an exact measure it is inferred
53
Issue with using DLW at high exercise intensities?
High exercise intensity results in acidosis (H+ production) which is buffered by bicarbonate system--> produces CO2 from non-metabolic processes
54
Fuel source issue w/ DLW?
Can be oxidising things like lactate, ketone bodies, protein as well as Carbs and Fat
55
Tissue specific measurement of substrate metabolism method?
Tracer based--> infuse a labeled form of glucose into a vein, ingest another form of carb--> measure exogenous carb oxidation
56
What can be measured from tissue specific measurement of substrate metabolism?
Exogenous carb production
57
Link between exercise intensity and fuel consumption?
At higher intensity exercises, carbohydrate fuels are used more than fats
58
Effect of duration of exercise on fuel consumption?
Decrease in carb use and an increase in fat use
59
Which metabolic fuels are blood based?
Plasma glucose, circulating FFA
60
Contribution of muscle based fuels as exercise duration increases?
Decreases
61
Why does the contribution of muscle based fuels decrease as exercise duration increases?
Muscle fuels are depleted over the course of exercise so the longer it goes on the less readily available they are
62
What effect on fuel use does ingesting Cho have?
Decrease fat oxidation and increase carb oxidation
63
Which sex has the greater capacity for fat oxidation?
Women
64
Effect of VO2max on muscle glycogen storage?
Increases it
65
Effect of a high carb diet on glycogen storage capacity?
Increases it
66
What effect does a higher glycogen conc pre exercise have on glycogenolysis?
More glycogen at start of exercise = more glycogen is used
67
What must be done to the triacyl glycerides in fat before they can be used as a fuel by muscle?
Hydrolysed
68
Product of hydrolysis of triacylglycerides?
Glycerol and FAs
69
Which transport protein allows FAs to get into muscle mitochondria?
CPT1
70
Which enzyme hydrolyses VLDLs and chylomicrons?
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
71
What could limit NEFA availability?
Adipose tissue blood flow
72
Transarcolemal meaning?
Transport across the muscle membrane
73
What limits fat oxidation at high exercise intensities?
Transport into mitochondria

HL22015 physiology (36 decks)

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