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HL22015 physiology > Energy balance and substrate metabolism > Flashcards

Energy balance and substrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How can energy balance be altered?

A

Changing energy intake or expenditure

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2
Q

Positive energy balance?

A

More in than out

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3
Q

Negative energy balance?

A

More out than in

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4
Q

How to increase energy balance?

A

Increase intake/decrease expenditure

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5
Q

How to decrease energy balance?

A

Decrease intake/increase expenditure

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6
Q

What components of energy intake are there?

A

Carbs, fat, protein, alcohol

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7
Q

Components of energy expenditure?

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE)

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8
Q

What is RMR?

A

Resting metabolic rate–> the energy needed to keep us alive

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9
Q

What is DIT?

A

Energy used to digest, absorb and metabolise the food we have eaten

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10
Q

What is PAEE?

A

Energy used by muscles when they produce force

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11
Q

Two main energy stores?

A

Carbs and fat

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12
Q

Which energy store can store more energy (fat or carbs)?

A

Fat

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13
Q

Where can fat be stored?

A

Blood, muscle and adipose tissue

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14
Q

Where is the largest method of storing fat?

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

How much fat (in kcal) can be stored?

A

> 100,000

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16
Q

Where can carbohydrates be stored?

A

Blood, muscle, liver

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17
Q

Where is the largest carbohydrate store?

A

Muscles

18
Q

In what form is the largest carbohydrate store kept?

A

Glycogen

19
Q

What is the relationship between endurance training status and amount of muscle glycogen that someone can store?

A

More endurance trained means ability to store more muscle glycogen

20
Q

How much carbs can the body store?

A

3200 kcal

21
Q

What is denovolipogenesis?

A

Conversion of non-fat sources to fat

22
Q

What happens if you have more than 3200kcal of carbs?

A

Denovolipogenesis

23
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone

24
Q

Role of leptin?

A

Regulates appetite

25
Q

What is the result of someone with leptin deficiency?

A

They gain a lot of non-lean body mass

26
Q

What kind of tissue releases leptin?

A

Fat tissue

27
Q

What happens as a result of an increase in fat regarding leptin?

A

The fat tissue releases more leptin

28
Q

Cause of leptin deficiency?

A

Mutation in gene sequence coding for the leptin protein

29
Q

Main issue with energy intake?

A

Observation effect–> when you know someone is observing you you modify your behaviour,
reporting bias–>sometimes people underreport what they consume,
participant recall–> people forget what theyve eaten

30
Q

Which kind of sports have the highest energy intake?

A

Endurance (cross country skiing, triathlon) and large muscle mass (rugby, bodybuilding)

31
Q

What is the energy density of protein?

A

4kcal/g

32
Q

What is the energy density of fat?

A

9kcal/g

33
Q

What is the energy density of carbohydrates?

A

4kcal/g

34
Q

What is the energy density of ethanol?

A

7kcal/g

35
Q

Difference in energy balance in high or low fat diet?

A

High fat diet leads to more fat balance (high +ve) than low fat diet (-ve) , difference is >400g

36
Q

What is the difference in calories consumed between high and low fat diets (mass of food consumed is same)?

A

High fat diets have a higher energy intake than low fat diets as fats are more energy dense than carbs

37
Q

What is most of the difference in energy balance between high and low fat diets caused by?

A

Energy density

38
Q

Which macronutrient is the most satiating?

A

Protein

39
Q

What is a preload drink?

A

A drink drunk before a large intake of energy (a meal)

40
Q

What happens to energy intake of a meal as the protein content of the preload drunk before increases?

A

It decreases

HL22015 physiology (17 decks)

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