Nutrition health and exercise 1 2.0

Question 1

What is known about the causal effect of diet on hard outcomes?

Answer 1

Little

Question 2

Issues with non-randomised data?

Answer 2

It can be biased

Question 3

What is revesed causality?

Answer 3

Smthn ab a disease might cause someone to change their diet

Question 4

Example of reverse causality?

Answer 4

Obese people drink diet soft drinks–> diet soft drinks dont cause obesity its just that obese people drink them bc they want to lose weight

Question 5

What are confounding factors?

Answer 5

One factor directly causing the disease, and another cause

Question 6

Example of confounding factors?

Answer 6

Smoking–> causes cardiovascular disease, and changes in diet which in turn also cause cardiovascular disease

Question 7

How does randomisation minimise systemic bias?

Answer 7

It can minimise the effect of known and unknown confounding factors

Question 8

Example of long term study on diet effect on outcomes?

Answer 8

Mediterranean diet (oil, fish, vegetables and no red and processed meats) vs low fat diet (low fat dairy products, bread, potatoes, pasta) for 5 yrs

Question 9

Observations of Mediterranean diet vs low fat diet?

Answer 9

Mediterranean diet has a lower risk of getting a cardiovascular event compared to low fat diet

Question 10

What is metabolic health?

Answer 10

The ability to maintain metabolic control

Question 11

Maximal eating study?

Answer 11

Ate dominoes pizza until comfortably full vs eating until they physically couldnt eat anymore

Question 12

Results of maximal eating study?

Answer 12

1500kcal for normal, 3000 for maximal. 57g fat vs 113g. 187g Cho vs 367g

Question 13

What happens when double the amount of fat is eaten?

Answer 13

Fat levels in the blood don’t increase by 2* (triglyceride conc in blood increase was buffered)

Question 14

Why do fat levels in blood not increase by 2* when 2* the amount of fat is consumed?

Answer 14

Metabolite conc in the blood is buffered

Question 15

What is observed regarding insulin secretion in maximal eating group?

Answer 15

It is secreted more

Question 16

What is the oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer 16

drink w/ 75g of glucose

Question 17

What is an oral fat tolerance test?

Answer 17

Give people x amount of fat and observe the metabolism

Question 18

What is measured in oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer 18

Blood glucose response

Question 19

Association between metabolic control and cardiovascular mortality?

Answer 19

Better metabolic control = lower CVD mortality

Question 20

Healthy blood glucose cond 2 hrs post OGTT?

Answer 20

<7.8 mmol/L

Question 21

Prediabetic blood glucose cond 2 hrs post OGTT?

Answer 21

7.8-11 mmol/L

Question 22

Diabetic blood glucose cond 2 hrs post OGTT?

Answer 22

> 11 mmol/L

Question 23

Average triglyceride conc difference between sexes?

Answer 23

Women have a lower average triglyceride conc than men

Question 24

Issue with measuring conc of glucose?

Answer 24

Metabolism is dynamic so conc might be 5mmol/L, but there could be 130mg per min going in and out

Question 25

Where does glucose come from if we haven't eaten a meal?

Answer 25

Liver--> breakdown of glycogen, and gluconeogenesis

Question 26

What is the main glucose consumer from the bood when resting?

Answer 26

Brain

Question 27

Causes of an abnormally high BGC?

Answer 27

Defective liver glycogen metabolism (too much) or defective glucose uptake in muscles (too little)

Question 28

Glycemia?

Answer 28

Blood glucose conc

Question 29

Effect of eating on BGC, lactate and FA conc in blood?

Answer 29

Rise in BCG and lactate conc that reduces over time, and a suppression of circulating FAs

Question 30

Why does blood lactate conc increase after eating?

Answer 30

Glycolysis stimulated by insulin

Question 31

Why are circulated FAs suppressed after eating?

Answer 31

If FA conc remained high there would be competition for the muscle fuel uptake--> want muscle to take up glucose instead to buffer BGC

Question 32

Effect of insulin on FFAs?

Answer 32

Suppresses their availability-> inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis

Question 33

Effect of insulin on liver?

Answer 33

Suppresses liver glucose output

Question 34

Postprandial meaning?

Answer 34

After a meal

Question 35

What is glycaemic index?

Answer 35

A way to classify carbs

Question 36

How is glycaemic index calculated?

Answer 36

Give people 50g of available carbs, measure blood glucose conc over 2 hrs and calculate area under curve and compare this to a refernce

Question 37

What is the reference for a glycaemic index?

Answer 37

Pure glucose, white bread

Question 38

What if the area under the curve of a food is the same as glucose?

Answer 38

GI=100

Question 39

What if the area under the curve of a food is half that of glucose?

Answer 39

GI=50

Question 40

Min GI value for high GI foods?

Answer 40

>55

Question 41

GI value of low GI foods?

Answer 41

<55

Question 42

What GI is spaghetti regardless of wholemeal or white?

Answer 42

Low GI

Question 43

What GI is bread regardless of wholemeal or white?

Answer 43

High GI

Question 44

Monosaccharides example?

Answer 44

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 45

Difference between sucrose and isomaltulose?

Answer 45

Bond between glucose and fructose is stronger isomaltulose

Question 46

Oligosaccharide example?

Answer 46

Maltodextrin

Question 47

Polysaccharides?

Answer 47

Amylopectin (starch) and amylose (starch)

Question 48

Benefits of isomaltulose over sucrose?

Answer 48

Lower GI (more slowly digested) and better for teeth as it isnt fermented in the mouth

Question 49

What is maltodextrin used in?

Answer 49

Sports nutrition products

Question 50

What is maltodextrin made up of?

Answer 50

8-12 glucose molecules

Question 51

Differences between amylopectin and amylose?

Answer 51

Amylopectin is branched, amylose is straight & Amylose has a lower GI as it takes longer to digest--> enzymes can only work on ends and in branch there is more ends

Question 52

How is area under curve counted for BGC?

Answer 52

Look at resting BGC, only count area that goes above it (incremental area under curve)