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HL22015 physiology > Exercise and the immune system 3 > Flashcards

Exercise and the immune system 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some non-infectious reasons that someone may have URTI symptoms?

A

Asthma, airway epithelial trauma due to increased ventilation or exposure to cold air, allergy

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2
Q

What are some viral related causes that might not be to do with catching the virus while exercising?

A

It is possible that viruses can be reactivated in someone’s body–> epstein barr virus, herpes

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3
Q

What did Pedersen et al show regarding the effect of exercise on tumors?

A

Exercise can lead to tumor suppression in rodents

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4
Q

What were the conditions of the running wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

A

Two groups of mice, one had access to a running wheel, one didn’t. Both were administered tumor cells

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5
Q

Tumor size results of running wheel experiment done by Pedersen?

A

Group without access to a wheel had larger tumors (statistically significant) than the group that did have a wheel

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6
Q

Immune cell results of wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

A

More CD3, CD8, CD4 and NK cells in group that had wheel access

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7
Q

How was the effect of stress controlled for in the wheel study?

A

Propranolol was administered

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8
Q

Effect of propanolol?

A

Beta blocker so blocked the effect of stress hormones

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9
Q

What happened to the tumor size of the exercised mice once the effect of adrenaline was blocked?

A

It increased to the same size as non-exercised animals

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10
Q

How does physical activity reduce risk of cancer?

A

Every time someone exercises immune cells are mobilised into the blood where they can go to tissues where they are needed, such as tumors

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11
Q

How can in vivo responses be assessed in humans?

A

Via vaccination

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12
Q

Conditions of Eskola study in 1978?

A

4 athletes ran a marathon distance and were immediately given tetanus vaccine. Blood was taken 15 days later to assess immune response

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13
Q

Results of Eskolas marathon study?

A

Showed that running for 2.5 hrs doesnt suppress antibody responses, might actually enhance responses

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14
Q

Groups in Kate Edwards study?

A

Exercise group exercised their upper arm eccentrically (to increase heart rate and damage and inflame tissues where the muscle would be administered) and control group who did nothing. Half of each group receive the full dose while the other half received a half dose (creating 4 groups)

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15
Q

Why were half doses of the vaccine given to participants in Edwards study?

A

To mimic what happens in older age–> older people don’t respond as well to vaccination

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16
Q

Effects of exercise on full dose vaccine?

A

No benefits of exercise were observed for the full dose vaccine

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17
Q

Effects of exercise on half dose vaccine?

A

Generally the exercise group responds better than the control group to the vaccine

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18
Q

Why may exercise improve half dose vaccine response?

A

Increase in heart rate and thus blood flow to tissues

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19
Q

Why would an increase in blood flow to tissues improve vaccine response?

A

better identification of antigens in vaccine, and increase in immune cell release into blood which would go to inflammation sites (i.e. where the vaccine is administered)

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20
Q

How can inflammation increase vaccine response?

A

Inflammation attracts immune cells via the secretion of cytokines

21
Q

Which group could benefit from exercising before vaccination?

A

Older individuals

22
Q

What was the effect of a single bout of exercise in antibody responses in older adults?

A

No significant effect

23
Q

What is aging of the immune system known as?

A

Immunosenescence

24
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

The thymus

25
Q

What are three components of the thymus?

A

Cortex, medulla, fat

26
Q

In which parts of the thymus do early T cells mature?

A

Cortex and medulla

27
Q

What happens to the size of the cortex and medulla of the thymus as you age from 18 ish?

A

They reduce

28
Q

What happens to the amount of fat in your thymus as you age?

A

It increases relatively and absolutely

29
Q

Where do stem cell progenitors arise from?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

In what form do t cells enter the thymus?

A

Thymocytes or T cell precursors

31
Q

In what form do t cells leave the thymus?

A

Naive t cells

32
Q

Involution definition?

A

Shrinkage

33
Q

What happens to the amount of naive t cells as you age?

A

Decreases

34
Q

What happens to the amount of different memory t cells as you age?

A

Decreases (limited antigenic targets as you age)

35
Q

Which homing markers do naive t cells express?

A

CD62L, CCR7

36
Q

Which homing markers do senescent t cells not express?

A

CD62L, CCR7

37
Q

What are senescent t cells?

A

Older t cells

38
Q

Which differentiation markers do senescent t cells express?

A

CD57, KLRG1

39
Q

Which differentiation markers do naive t cells express?

A

CD27, CD28

40
Q

What was observed about the level of maintenance of naive CD8 t cells when aging in different fitness levels?

A

If VO2 max was higher, the maintenance of naive CD8 t cells in aging was better

41
Q

What generally happens to the amount of effector CD8 t cells as you age?

A

It increases

42
Q

What was seen regarding exercise effect on CD4 t cells?

A

More active people had more CD4 t cells when they are older

43
Q

Effect of exercise on amount of senescent t cells as you age?

A

More exercise generally leads to less of an accumulation of senescent t cells

44
Q

What effect did lifelong exercise have on the levels of IL6?

A

More exercise was correlated with lower levels of IL6

45
Q

What can IL7 do regarding muscle hypertrophy?

A

Promote it

46
Q

Effect of IL7 on immune cells?

A

naive t cells (CD4 and CD8) increase

47
Q

Effect of resistance exercise on IL7?

A

Increases it

48
Q

One possible mechanism behind exercise effect on senescent t cells?

A

Naive and senescent t cells in blood at rest, they are mobilized into the blood in response to exercise. Hours post exercise, the senescent cells are sent to the bone marrow where they receive pro apoptosis signals. This death creates space for new naive t cells to be produced

49
Q
A

HL22015 physiology (17 decks)

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