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HL22015 physiology > Exercise and the immune system 2 and 3 merged > Flashcards

Exercise and the immune system 2 and 3 merged Flashcards

1
Q

Issues with the animal studies looking at effect of exercise on immune response?

A

They cant control for the stress response and other factors that arise in the animals as a result of the studies

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2
Q

Why is salivary IgA used to observe the effect of exercise on immune function?

A

It is non invasive

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3
Q

What was discovered regarding the Tomasi skiers IgA study?

A

Salivary IgA was reduced by 20% in cross country skiers after 2-3hrs of exercise

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4
Q

What was the conclusion of the skiing study?

A

A temporary antibody deficiency in saliva might lead to an increase in susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections following strenuous exercise

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5
Q

What was seen immediately post race in salivary IgA in the SA marathon study?

A

A sharp decrease in salivary IgA

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6
Q

Was there a correlation between URTI symptoms and salivary IgA conc?

A

No

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7
Q

What do most studies say about the effect of exercise on salivary IgA?

A

Exercise doesnt cause a decrease in IgA secretion

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8
Q

What happens to the levels of salivary IgA levels in the absence of exercise?

A

It is very variable

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9
Q

What are some factors that affect salivary IgA?

A

Diet, psychological stress, oral disease, menstrual cycle, medications, oral hygiene

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10
Q

What is the blood immune response during exercise?

A

Increased levels of blood lymphocytes

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11
Q

What is the blood immune response after exercise?

A

Decreased levels of blood lymphocytes (to lower levels than b4 exercise)

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12
Q

Biphasic response of blood lymphocytes during and after exercise?

A

Increases during, sharply decreases after

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13
Q

Which immune cell increases the most during exercise?

A

NK cells

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14
Q

Which immune cell increases by the lowest amount during exercise?

A

CD4+ T cells

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15
Q

Which type of immune cells increase the most during exercise?

A

cells with the greatest cytotoxic potential

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16
Q

What happens to immune cells a few hours post exercise?

A

They gradually increase again back to normal levels

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17
Q

Which organs had an increase in immune cells migrating to it in exercised mice?

A

Lungs, peyers patches (gut) and bone marrow

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18
Q

What are some non-infectious reasons that someone may have URTI symptoms?

A

Asthma, airway epithelial trauma due to increased ventilation or exposure to cold air, allergy

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19
Q

What are some viral related causes that might not be to do with catching the virus while exercising?

A

It is possible that viruses can be reactivated in someone’s body–> epstein barr virus, herpes

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20
Q

What did Pedersen et al show regarding the effect of exercise on tumors?

A

Exercise can lead to tumor suppression in rodents

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21
Q

What were the conditions of the running wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

A

Two groups of mice, one had access to a running wheel, one didn’t. Both were administered tumor cells

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22
Q

Tumor size results of running wheel experiment done by Pedersen?

A

Group without access to a wheel had larger tumors (statistically significant) than the group that did have a wheel

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23
Q

Immune cell results of wheel experiment done by Pedersen et al?

A

More CD3, CD8, CD4 and NK cells in group that had wheel access

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24
Q

How was the effect of stress controlled for in the wheel study?

A

Propranolol was administered

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25
Q

Effect of propanolol?

A

Beta blocker so blocked the effect of stress hormones

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26
Q

What happened to the tumor size of the exercised mice once the effect of adrenaline was blocked?

A

It increased to the same size as non-exercised animals

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27
Q

How does physical activity reduce risk of cancer?

A

Every time someone exercises immune cells are mobilised into the blood where they can go to tissues where they are needed, such as tumors

28
Q

How can in vivo immune responses be assessed in humans?

A

Via vaccination

29
Q

Conditions of Eskola study in 1978?

A

4 athletes ran a marathon distance and were immediately given tetanus vaccine. Blood was taken 15 days later to assess immune response

30
Q

Results of Eskolas marathon study?

A

Showed that running for 2.5 hrs doesnt suppress antibody responses, might actually enhance responses

31
Q

Groups in Kate Edwards study?

A

Exercise group exercised their upper arm eccentrically (to increase heart rate and damage and inflame tissues where the vaccine would be administered) and control group who did nothing. Half of each group receive the full dose while the other half received a half dose (creating 4 groups)

32
Q

Why were half doses of the vaccine given to participants in Edwards study?

A

To mimic what happens in older age–> older people don’t respond as well to vaccination

33
Q

Effects of exercise on full dose vaccine?

A

No benefits of exercise were observed for the full dose vaccine

34
Q

Effects of exercise on half dose vaccine?

A

Generally the exercise group responds better than the control group to the vaccine

35
Q

Why may exercise improve half dose vaccine response?

A

Increase in heart rate and thus blood flow to tissues

36
Q

Why would an increase in blood flow to tissues improve vaccine response?

A

better identification of antigens in vaccine, and increase in immune cell release into blood which would go to inflammation sites (i.e. where the vaccine is administered)

37
Q

How can inflammation increase vaccine response?

A

Inflammation attracts immune cells via the secretion of cytokines

38
Q

Which group could benefit from exercising before vaccination?

A

Older individuals

39
Q

What was the effect of a single bout of exercise in antibody responses in older adults?

A

No significant effect

40
Q

What is aging of the immune system known as?

A

Immunosenescence

41
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

The thymus

42
Q

What are three components of the thymus?

A

Cortex, medulla, fat

43
Q

In which parts of the thymus do early T cells mature?

A

Cortex and medulla

44
Q

What happens to the size of the cortex and medulla of the thymus as you age from 18 ish?

A

They reduce

45
Q

What happens to the amount of fat in your thymus as you age?

A

It increases relatively and absolutely

46
Q

Where do stem cell progenitors arise from?

A

Bone marrow

47
Q

In what form do t cells enter the thymus?

A

Thymocytes or T cell precursors

48
Q

In what form do t cells leave the thymus?

A

Naive t cells

49
Q

Involution definition?

A

Shrinkage

50
Q

What happens to the amount of naive t cells as you age?

A

Decreases

51
Q

What happens to the amount of different memory t cells as you age?

A

Decreases (limited antigenic targets as you age)

52
Q

Which homing markers do naive t cells express?

A

CD62L, CCR7

53
Q

Which homing markers do senescent t cells not express?

A

CD62L, CCR7

54
Q

What are senescent t cells?

A

Older t cells

55
Q

Which differentiation markers do senescent t cells express?

A

CD57, KLRG1

56
Q

Which differentiation markers do naive t cells express?

A

CD27, CD28

57
Q

What was observed about the level of maintenance of naive CD8 t cells when aging in different fitness levels?

A

If VO2 max was higher, the maintenance of naive CD8 t cells in aging was better

58
Q

What generally happens to the amount of effector CD8 t cells as you age?

A

It increases

59
Q

What was seen regarding exercise effect on CD4 t cell count in older age?

A

More active people had more CD4 t cells when they are older

60
Q

Effect of exercise on amount of senescent t cells as you age?

A

More exercise generally leads to less of an accumulation of senescent t cells

61
Q

What effect did lifelong exercise have on the levels of IL6?

A

More exercise was correlated with lower levels of IL6

62
Q

What can IL7 do regarding muscle hypertrophy?

A

Promote it

63
Q

Effect of IL7 on immune cells?

A

naive t cells (CD4 and CD8) increase

64
Q

Effect of resistance exercise on IL7?

A

Increases it

65
Q

One possible mechanism behind exercise effect on senescent t cells?

A

Naive and senescent t cells in blood at rest, they are mobilized into the blood in response to exercise. Hours post exercise, the senescent cells are sent to the bone marrow where they receive pro apoptosis signals. This death creates space for new naive t cells to be produced

66
Q
A

HL22015 physiology (36 decks)

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