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HL22015 physiology > Exercise and the immune system 1 > Flashcards

Exercise and the immune system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many lines of defence are there in the immune system?

A

3

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2
Q

What are the components of the first line of defence?

A

Skin and mucous membranes (protective barrier)

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3
Q

What are the components of the second line of defence?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, NK cells

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4
Q

What do phagocytic cells do?

A

Eat other cells

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5
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do?

A

Secrete toxins that kill other cells

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6
Q

Which line of defence is specific?

A

The third line

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7
Q

Components of the third line of defence?

A

T cells, B cells (adaptive immune cells)

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8
Q

Which cells are cytotoxic?

A

NK cells and T cells

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9
Q

Which cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

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10
Q

Where do immune cells start?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What cell can differentiate into B cells, T cells and NK cells?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cell

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12
Q

What cell can differentiate into platelets, erythrocytes, granulocytes and dendritic cells?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

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13
Q

What is the precursor cell to common lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell

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14
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

Which immune response occurs first in response to a pathogen?

A

Innate immune response

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16
Q

What are the four phases of an infection?

A

Establishment, inductive, effector, memory

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17
Q

How can immune memory capabilities be assessed?

A

T cell or B cell function

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18
Q

How are T cells used to measure memory capabilities?

A

Interferon-gamma production by T cells

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19
Q

How are B cells used to measure memory capabilities?

A

Antibody responses (IgG, IgA response)

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20
Q

How does a hematology blood analyzer work?

A

Each cell passes through a detector that has a light source, light is shone across the cell, the amount of light that passes around the cell to the forward scatter detector indicates the cell size

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21
Q

What tells you the size of a cell in a hematology blood analyze?

A

The amount of light going around the cell into the forward scatter detector

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22
Q

What tells you the granularity of the cell in a hematology blood analyzer?

A

The amount of light reflected off to the side into the side scatter detector

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes in a hematology blood analyzer?

A

Small (low FSC) and few granules (low SSC)

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes in a hematology blood analyzer?

A

Large with few granules

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils in a hematology blood analyzer?

A

Large with many granules

26
Q

What is done to immune cells before they are put into a hematology blood analyzer?

A

They are fluorescently labelled by attaching an antibody with a fluorescent tag

27
Q

What are CD antigens?

A

Cluster of differentiation antigens–> antigens that are expressed on different immune cells and are used to identify them

28
Q

Which CD does T cells express?

A

CD3

29
Q

Which CD cells do B cells express?

A

CD19

30
Q

Which CD do NK cells express?

A

CD56

31
Q

Which CD do Th cells express?

A

CD4

32
Q

Which CD do cytotoxic T cells express?

A

CD8

33
Q

What does CD27 tell you?

A

The cells age

34
Q

What does CD62L tell you?

A

The cells migration ability

35
Q

What is interferon gamma a marker of?

A

Cytotoxicity

36
Q

3 components of open window hypothesis?

A

Opportunistic infections follow acute strenuous exercise, changes to salivary IgA in the hrs post exercise, changes to immune cell frequency and functional capacity after acute strenuous exercise

37
Q

What happens to the concentration of blood lymphocytes during exercise?

A

Increases

38
Q

What happens to the concentration of salivary IgA during exercise?

A

It increases

39
Q

What happens to the concentration of blood lymphocytes in the hours after exercise?

A

Drops significantly, below level before exercise

40
Q

What happens to the concentration of salivary IgA in the hours after exercise?

A

Drops significantly, below level before exercise

41
Q

1990 LA marathon study condition?

A

Compared runners who didn’t run LA marathon to those who did

42
Q

Results of LA marathon study?

A

More runners (12.9%) became sick in the week after the race than those who didn’t run (2.2%)

43
Q

What was the odds ratio of becoming sick after running a marathon compared to not running a marathon?

A

5.9*

44
Q

Issues with LA marathon study?

A

The runners were at a mass participation event while the controls were not and this would have increased the likelyhood of getting an infection regardless of if they did exercise

45
Q

How was the south africa run study better than the LA one?

A

The controls in the SA one lived with the runners, so the mass participation event aspect was nulified

46
Q

What were the results of the SA study?

A

33.3% of runners got URTI symptoms compared to 15.3% of controls

47
Q

What was observed regarding the majority of URTI symptoms in athletes?

A

Most of them are not of infectious origin (11/37 reported had a positive diagnosis)

47
Q

What was observed regarding URTI symptoms and race time in the SA study?

A

People who ran a faster race were more likely to get URTI symptoms

47
Q

What did the Mecca study observe?

A

The longer someone stayed there, the higher risk of URTI they had (URTI was not associated with age, sex, education or smoking)

47
Q

What does the J shaped curve describe?

A

Those who undertake an excessive volume of exercises are at a greater risk of infection to those who are sedentary or moderate exercise. Those who are sedentary have a higher risk of infection than those who do a moderate amount of exercise

47
Q

What did the Swedish study observe regarding the J shaped curve?

A

People who do higher amounts of physical activity have lower risk of infection compared to people doing medium or none–> contradicts J shaped curve

47
Q

What was the makeup of the study done on mice to see the effect of exercise on immune response?

A

Mice were infected with influenza and the split into 3 groups: sedentary, moderate (20-30 mins) and prolonged (2.5 hrs)

47
Q

What else could have caused the high intensity mice to die more?

A

The stress of having to do so much exercise

47
Q

What was observed regarding morbidity in the infected mice that did different amounts of exercise?

A

The mice that had a prolonged bout of exercise had higher morbidity scores

47
Q

What were the three groups of monkeys that had polio?

A

Forced swimming, kept in a cage, kept in water in a straitjacket

47
Q

What id poliomyeltis?

A

An acute infection caused by poliovirus.

47
Q

What was observed in the mice regarding survival?

A

30 mins per day exercise had 90% survival, sedentary control had ab 50% and prolonged exercise had ab 30%

47
Q

Issues with the animal studies looking at effect of exercise on immune response?

A

They cant control for the stress response and other factors that arise in the animals as a result of the studies

47
Q

Why is salivary IgA used to observe the effect of exercise on immune function?

A

It is non invasive

47
Q

Why is IgA specifically looked at in saliva

A

It is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the body

HL22015 physiology (17 decks)

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