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HL22015 physiology > Exercise and cytokines 3.0 > Flashcards

Exercise and cytokines 3.0 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Inflammation definition?

A

a defensive process that a living body initiates against local tissue damage

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3
Q

What can cause inflammation?

A

Physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents

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4
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A

Onset of inflammation, onset of resolution and resolution

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5
Q

What happens in the onset of inflammation?

A

Identification of damage, production of proinflammatory mediators, vasodilation and recruitment of white blood cells

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6
Q

Cytokines present in early inflammation?

A

TNF-alpa, IL1

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7
Q

Cytokines present in resolution of inflammation?

A

IL-10

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8
Q

What occurs during the onset of resolution of inflammation?

A

down regulation of pro-inflammatory signals, up regulation of anti-inflammatory signals, destruction of infecte tissue, clotting factors

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9
Q

Role of clotting factors?

A

stop clotting

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10
Q

What occurs during the resolution of inflammation?

A

production of anti-inflammatory mediators, apoptosis of immune cells, vascular repair

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11
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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12
Q

Outcome of increased blood flow?

A

Redness and heat

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13
Q

Outcome of accumulation of fluid?

A

swelling

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14
Q

Outcome of release of nerve stimulating chemicals?

A

pain

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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of inflammaiton resolution?

A

Removal of dead cells, restoration of vascular integrity, regeneration of tissue, remission of fever and relief of pain

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16
Q

Which biomarkers used to assess inflammation?

A

Acute phase proteins, cytokines

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17
Q

Which proteins increase or decrease in blood acutely in response to inflammation?

A

Acute phase proteins

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18
Q

What is an example of an acute phase protein?

A

CRP (C-reactive protein)

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19
Q

What is the role of CRP?

A

Helps clear dead cells

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20
Q

Where is CRP synthesised?

A

Liver

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21
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small (hormone like) acute phase proteins released by a variety of different cells

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22
Q

What does IL6 do in regards to CRP?

A

induces its release from the liver

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23
Q

Meaning of pleiotropic?

A

Affects many different cell types in different ways

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24
Q

Autocrine hormone?

A

Acts on the cell it was released from

25
Q

Paracrine action?

A

Acts on a nearby cell

26
Q

Endocrine action?

A

Acts on a distant cell

27
Q

IL8 role?

A

Chemokine–> a chemical that promotes chemotaxis

28
Q

TNF-alpha role?

A

A pro-inflammatory cytokine that “ramps up” local inflammatory responses

29
Q

IL1 role?

A

Affects nearly every cell type in the body, in synergy with TNF-alpha

30
Q

Which cytokines are generally considered inflammatory?

A

IL8, TNF-alpha, IL1

31
Q

Role of IL1RA?

A

Inhibition of IL1, so anti-inflammatory

32
Q

Which cells produce IL-10?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, t and b cells

33
Q

Which cytokines are released near the beginning of infection?

A

TNF-alpha, IL1, IL8

34
Q

Which cytokine is released in the middle of an infection?

A

IL6

35
Q

Which cytokines are released at the end of an infection?

A

IL-1RA, IL-10

36
Q

What is a bimodal response?

A

An acute spike followed by sustained elevation above baseline

37
Q

What was observed in regard to IL6 levels and exercise?

A

A spike after exercise, followed by a maintained heightened level after the initial spike

38
Q

What was initially thought to be the source of IL6? (THIS IS WRONG)

A

immune cells

39
Q

What is eccentric exercise?

A

Uses target muscles to control a weight as it moves in a downward motion

40
Q

Why is eccentric exercise used to assess the effect of muscle damage?

A

Eccentric exercise causes a lot of muscle damage in unaccustomed muscle compared to accustomed muscle, so they can be compared

41
Q

What was observed in the 1999 study regarding IL6 and muscle damage?

A

There was no difference in IL6 released by muscles even when there were differences in the amount of muscle damage, thus muscle damage doesnt affect IL6

42
Q

What was observed in the 2000 study regarding the absence of muscle damage on IL6?

A

IL6 release increased during exercise in the absence of muscle damage (as the exercise was only concentric)

43
Q

How did the 2000 study show IL6 is produced as a result of exercise?

A

Did a bike test where one leg was exercising and one wasnt–> exercising leg produced most of the IL6

44
Q

What was observed regarding the amount of increase in IL6 production over the duration of extended exercise in the 2000 study?

A

Initial increase was modest, later increase was dramatic

45
Q

What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the start of exercise?

A

Lower muscle glycogen content caused a higher increase in IL6 during exercise

46
Q

What was observed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 release at the end of exercise?

A

The muscle glycogen content did not massively affect the amount of IL6 released

47
Q

What was confirmed regarding muscle glycogen content and IL6 secretion in the 2004 study?

A

Higher IL6 secretion is associated with depleted muscle glycogen content

48
Q

Which processes does IL6 stimulate?

A

glycolysis and lipolysis

49
Q

What cytokines does IL6 stimulate the release of?

A

IL-1RA and IL10

50
Q

What is a myokine?

A

A signalling cell that is released in response to muscle contraction

51
Q

What is inflammageing?

A

A gradual increase in basal inflammation as someone ages

52
Q

What is inflammageing driven by?

A

Unresolved inflammation and immune dysregulation with ageing

53
Q

What is an exokine?

A

A signalling moiety released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise

54
Q

How do exokines exert their effects?

A

Endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms

55
Q

What types of tissue can release exokines?

A

Skeletal muscle, heart, liver, WAT, BAT and neurons

56
Q

What level of CRP is associated with inflammatory diseases?

A

> 3.0

57
Q

Association between being physically active and CRP levels?

A

Being physically active is associated with lower CRP levels

58
Q
A

HL22015 physiology (36 decks)

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