Research Methods - Validty And Reliability Flashcards

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1
Q

What is interval validity

A

Does a test/ investigation measure what it was supposed to measure?

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2
Q

What is external validity ?

A

Can the results of an investigation be generalised beyond the research setting within which it was found?

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3
Q

Explain the three types of external validity

A

Temporal-The extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other historical times and eras.
• Ecological-The extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other settings and situations.
• Population-The extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to other people outside the sample.

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4
Q

What is face validity be done

A

When A measure is scrutinised to determine whether it appears to measure what it is supposed to measure- e.g. does a test of anxiety actually look like it measures anxiety?
• Done by ‘eyeballing’ the measuring instrument or passing it to an expert to check.

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5
Q

How does concurrent validity work

A

The extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure.
• Close agreement between the two sets of data would indicate the new test has high concurrent
validity.
• Close agreement is indicated if the correlation between the two sets of scores exceeds +.8

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6
Q

What is reliability

A

How consistent the findings from an investigation are. A measuring device is said to be reliable if it produces consistent findings every time it is used.

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7
Q

What is the test retest way of assessing reliability

A

Administer same test or questionnaire to the same person on different occasions

Same or similar results obtained

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8
Q

How should be taken in account in test , retest method

A

Sufficient time between test and retest
Participant cannot recall answers
Not too long that attitudes or opinion have changed

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9
Q

What should be done in last step of test and retest method

A

Both sets of scores should be correlated to make sure they are significant

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10
Q

Explain inter observer reliability

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between two or more observers involved in the observations of a behaviour. This is measured by correlating the observations of two or more observers. If the correlation between the two observers is +0.8, the data is said to have high inter observer reliability.

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11
Q

How can you test and improve reliability in questionnaires

A

Test- retest method
Data from both sets of tests should be correlated to produce correlation that exceed +.0.8

Items deselected, questions rewritten
Too complex, interpretation differently by people
Open questions with closed questions

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12
Q

In experiments how would you increase reliability

A

Conducting lab experiment

Higher control over variables

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13
Q

How do you improve the reliability of observations

A

Behavioural categories are properly operationalised
Shouldn’t overlap
Eg hugging and cuddling

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14
Q

How do you increase validity of interviews

A

Same interviewer each time
If not - they must be trained
To prevent one interviewer from asking too leading questions
Structured interviews - controlled behaviour

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15
Q

How to improve validity in experimental research

A

Use a control group to assess whether changes in DV are of IV
Standardise procedures
Minimise investigator effects
Single blind and double blind - reduce demand characteristics
External- conduct field experiment

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16
Q

How would you increase validity of observations

A

External - minimal intervention from researcher
Covert observation
Behavioural categories - less broad and ambiguous
Should be Operationalised

17
Q

How to improve validity of qualitative methods

A

Using qualitative methods - more depth and detail
Interpretive validity - include direct quotes
Internal - triangulation - use of number of different sources

18
Q

How to increase validity of questionnaire

A

Incorporate lie scales
Social DESIRABILITY bias - reduced
Internal validity - allow to submit responses anonymously