Appraoches Comparison Flashcards
Compare views on development of different approaches
Psychodynamic approach - child development - ties its processes to the specific psychosexual stages that are determined by age
Cognitive approach
Presented stage theory of child development
Intellectual development form increasingly complex concepts
Babies born with simple motor schema, become more sophisticated as they get older
Biological approach - maturation important in development
Genetically determined changes in physiological status influence psychological and behavioural characteristics. Influence of environment can be seen
Humanistic - development of the self as ongoing throughout life.
Goal of self actualisation. Childs relationship with parents key in development of psychological health
Behaviourism and slt- no stage theories but processes that underpin learning are continuous and occurring in any stage
Compare arguments of nature vs nurture between approaches
Psychodynamic - we all go through stages as there is an innate drive that helps to form our behaviour behaviour. driven by the unconscious mind, instincts motivate our behaviour
Underlying drive is sexual
Importance of environments - role of parents - pay fundamental role
Behaviourism - babies are blank states at birth and all behaviour is learnt through experience. (Association and reinforcement)Ie the stimulus and response. Attachment- carer with baby
Slt- behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of an identified role model, vicarious reinforcement.
Biological - anatomy is destiny,
Behaviour as result of genetic footprint inherited from our parents.
Evolution - activity of genes , hormones and neurotransmitters is innate and inherited
Humanism - nurture parents, friends and wider society have impact on person self concept. The enviroment does
Cognitive- information processing abilities are innate but refined through experience. Babies- innate schemas (sucking)
Compare arguments of reductionism vs holism (interaction of many different factors) between the approaches
Psychodynamic - reductionist, many of our behaviour reduced to the influence of sexual drives and biological instincts
Basic set of structures that attempt to simplify a very complex picture- the unconscious mind
Behaviourism - very reductionism, breaks up up complex behaviour into stimulus response units. Many different other concepts that can come in play in between not accounted for
Slt- reduce complex learning to just key processes such as imitation but better than behaviourism which plays emphasis on cognitive factors
Cognitive approach - machine reductionism - presents people as information processing systems
Ignores influence of emotion. Relies heavily on schemas
Biological - behaviour can only be explained by the actions of genes, hormones and neurotransmitters.
Humanism - holistic, no general laws
All aspect of the individual including interactions with others ad wider society investigated
Compare arguments of determinism vs free will
Determinism (behaviour explained by internal or external factors - it is predictable)
Psychodynamic - psychic determinism
All human behaviour controlled by unconscious conflicts we cannot control
Behaviourism - all behaviour is environmentally determined by external influences (classical and operant conditioning ) we have no conscious insight
Slt - reciprocal determinism - Banduras - we are influenced from our environment but we can also operate on environment as we choose the behaviours we want to perform.
Cognitive - soft determinism, we are free to make our own choices but these can only operate within limits of what we already know
Biological - genetic determinism, all behaviour is caused by internal biological forces we have no control over.
Humanistic - human beings have free will and operate as active agents to determine their own developments.
Compare the argument of idiographic vs nomothetic between different approaches
Uniqueness of individual or is it general laws
Psychodynamic - nomothetic general laws in relation to innate drives and stages but also ideographic - considers unique childhood experience and case studies
Behaviourism - nomothetic - creates universal laws behaviour is result of stimulus and response associations. Operant and classical conditioning
Slt - nomothetic - attempts to establish general laws of behaviour
Eg vicarious reinforcement
Cognitive - nomothetic as it attempts to establish general laws of cognitive processing. Can be generalised to everyone. Multi store model of memory
Biological approach - nomothetic creates general laws as all humans share same physiologies, biological therapies can we used to treat many patients as problem same in everyone
Humanism - ideographic - focuses of human subjective experience - more important to gain an understanding rather than universal general laws
Compare how approaches use the scientific method
Psychodynamic - not scientific as it explains many concepts and theories that cannot be tested empirically. Relies on subjective interpretation due to unconscious rather than objective methods.
Behaviourism - introduced scientific method to psychology. All theories are supported by lab studies and scientific methods Animal research (carefully controlled)
Slt - utilises the scientific approach as it uses objective and quantitive methods to research and uses experimental method when possible
Takes in account meditational processes
Cognitive
Utilises scientific methods to make inferences about behaviour
Biological - scientific - promote experimental methods of investigation in highly controlled environments
Eg sophisticated imaging and recording techniques
Humanism - rejects scientific methods, especially lab experiments that produce quantitative and objective findings. Importance on subjective view and qualitative research to find out in depth how people feel
Compare explanation and treatment of atypical behaviour
Psychodynamic - Anxiety disorders from unconscious conflict , childhood trauma or overuse of defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis - therapy
No for everyone as it requires large input from patients in terms of time and ability to talk about and reflect on emotions
Behaviourism - abnormality rising from faulty learning. Inappropriate or destructive patterns have been reinforced.
Can explain phobias - classical conditioning maintained by operant conditioning
Systematic desensitisation - symptom based approach applied successfully for phobias
Slt - modelling and observational learning have been used to explain how negative behaviours such as aggression learnt through dysfunctional role model
Biological approach - revolutionised mental disorders through drug therapy which regulates chemical imbalances in brain.
May be candidate genes for certain mental disorders
Cognitive approach -faulty schemas generated through specific experiences. Treatment Is cognitive behavioural therapy - identify and eradicate faulty thinking
Humanism -lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood.
Incongruence + inability to self actualise
Rogers philosophy - closing agp between self concept and ideal self
