Research Methods - Statistical Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that says there will be no difference or relationship between two things.

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2
Q

What is the experimental hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that says there is a difference or relationship between two things.

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3
Q

What are the difference between directional hypothesis and non directional hypothesis

A

Directional - states the direction of the difference
Previous research involved

Non directional - not stating the direction of the difference
No previous research

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4
Q

What is aim of statistical tests

A

allow us to decide which hypothesis we are accepting and which we are rejecting.

can assess the probability (likelihood) of results occurring due to chance

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5
Q

What is the accepted level of probability in psychology

A

0.05 (5%)

P= <0.05

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6
Q

What are psychologists happy to accept

A

there is a 5% (or less) chance that there is not a difference/relationship between two things because not all members of the population can be tested in all possible circumstances

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7
Q

When do we accept the experimental hypothesis

A

There is a 5% (or less) probability that the results occurred by chance

Null hypothesis rejected

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8
Q

When do we accept null hypothesis

A

There is more than a 5% probability that the results occurred by chance

Difference not due to manipulation of IV

The experimental/alternative hypothesis is rejected

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9
Q

What are the two types of error

A

Type one error

Type two error

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10
Q

In type 1 error which hypothesis is incorrectly accepted and rejected

A

Accepted incorrectly - the experimental hypothesis
Rejected incorrectly - null hypothesis
Correct - null

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11
Q

What does type 1 error mean

A

Results actually due to chance so null hypothesis should be accepted but researcher concluded there is a significant difference/ relationship when there’s isn’t one
Experimental hypothesis wrongly accepted

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12
Q

Why do type 1 errors happen

A

The significance level is too lenient
Eg 10%
10% is quite large believe they have found an effect that doesn’t actually exists

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13
Q

How to prevent type 1 errors

A

Significance level should be made stricter

More risk to type 2 errors though

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14
Q

Which incorrect hypothesis accepted and and which correct one rejected in type 2 errors

A

When null hypothesis is wrongly accepted when should be rejected and experimental hypothesis wrongly rejected

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15
Q

what does type 2 errors mean

A

Null accepted and experimental wrongly rejected Researcher concluded that there is no effect and no real difference/ relationship when there is
Results not due to chance Even if said by researcher they are

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16
Q

Why do type 2 errors occur

A

The significance level is too high
(Harsh)
Eg 1% probability they made statistical error
1% very small effect might actually exists even if they believe there is no effect

17
Q

How to prevent type 2 errors

A

Making significance level more Lenient

May increase risk of type 1 error