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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Fallacies

A

errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument

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2
Q

Logical fallacy

A

An argument can sometimes sound logical and true on the surface but once it’s interpreted further it falls apart

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3
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Using the position of an authority figure in your argument

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4
Q

Appeal to Nature

A

Making the argument that because something is natural it is therefore valid, justified or inherently good

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5
Q

Appealing to popularity

A

the fact that many people do something as a form of validation

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6
Q

Burden of Proof

A

Saying that the proof lies not with the person making the claim but rather someone else disproving the claim

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7
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Attacking the character or personal traits of the individual rather than the argument being made

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8
Q

Strawman

A

Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to discredit

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9
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical data that is measurable

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10
Q

Qualitative data

A

Involves collecting and analysing non numerical data to understand concepts, opinions or experiences

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11
Q

Primary research

A

Original research done by the researcher themself with their own data

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12
Q

Secondary research

A

Research which collects data from other peoples studies

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13
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Studying someone in a natural environment

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14
Q

Laboratory experiment

A

An experiment carried out in a controlled environment

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15
Q

Field experiment

A

An experiment carried out in a natural environment

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16
Q

Natural experiment

A

An experiment where the experimenter does not directly control the IV

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17
Q

Quasi experiment

A

an experiment where the experimenter does not directly control the IV and the IV is naturally occuring

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18
Q

Parallel experimental design (Independent groups)

A

When participants split into two groups randomly and do 1 condition each

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19
Q

Crossover experimental design (repeated measures)

A

All groups doing the same conditions one group does it first then the second group after

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20
Q

Randomised Control Trials design (Matched pairs)

A

Recruit group of ppts, but find out what sort of people are in your group then match them one for one on key characteristics. Requires pretest

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21
Q

IV

A

What you change

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22
Q

DV

A

What you measure (outcome)

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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of expected results deduced from previous findings or logical reasoning

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24
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Stating there will be no difference or no relationship between two variables

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25
Q

Type 1 error

A

Error made when someone accepts something as true that is actually false

26
Q

Type 2 error

A

Error made when someone accepts something false that is actually true

27
Q

Interval data

A

Parametric

28
Q

Nominal and ordinal data

A

Non - parametric

29
Q

Cognitive biases

A

When new info isn’t judged rationally and we envision something different from how it actually is

30
Q

Confirmation bias (cherry picking)

A

Tendency to interpret info in a way that confirms someone’s preconceptions, whilst ignoring evidence against it

31
Q

Selection bias

A

Distortion of evidence or data that arises from the way the samples for a study are collected

32
Q

Survivorship bias

A

A type of selection bias that ignores the unsuccessful outcomes of a selection process

33
Q

Publication bias

A

Scientific journal editors and publishers are more likely to publish studies with positive results rather than negative

34
Q

Choosing measures of average

A

Mode - not used often avoid

Median - used when data is not normally distributed

Mean - used when data is normally distributed

35
Q

Variance

A

A measure of how scattered around the average value is

36
Q

Range

A

Largest observation minus smallest observation

37
Q

Interquartile Range

A

Upper quartile minus lower quartile

38
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measures the average amount by which all the values deviate from the mean

39
Q

Choosing measure of spread

A

Standard deviation - When data is normally distributed

Interquartile range - Should be used when data is not normally distributed

Range - not a good measure

40
Q

Focus groups

A

Recommended when you want to gain multiple perspectives from a large group

41
Q

One to one interviews

A

Recommended when researcher wants to understand individual decision processes

42
Q

Thematic analysis

A
  1. Become familiar with data
  2. Generate codes
  3. Generate themes
  4. Review themes
  5. Define and name themes
  6. write up report
43
Q

Reflexivity

A

The idea of being aware of your own values, ideas, biases and pre-judgements

44
Q

Guba and lincoln (1984)

A
  • Credibility
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Confirmability
45
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

When an individual comes forward to take part in your study after seeing a form of advertisement, physical media or social media.

-Biased

46
Q

Opportunity sampling (Convenience sampling)

A

Asking people around you that are willing to take part.

-Biased

47
Q

Random sampling

A

Write all names of the target population onto seperate pieces of paper and put them all in a hat. Pick out names in relation to sample size and then ask if those picked out want to be a part of the study.

-Not biased

48
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Get a full list of the target population and then using a nth number to pick out the sample. Eg rolling a dice and getting a 5 and then using every 5th name

  • Not biased
49
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Researcher will find stratas of a target population. Eg 16 year olds, 17 year olds, 18 year olds

50
Q

Cluster sampling

A

a sampling technique where the population is divided into clusters or groups based on criteria such as geographic location

51
Q

Phenomenology

A

To explore the underlying meaning of an experience or phenomenon from the individuals perspective

52
Q

Ethnography

A

To develop a rich, thick description that allows a deeper understanding of experiences within a particular group

53
Q

Narrative research

A

To collect and analyse peoples accounts to describe their experiences and retell their story

54
Q

Case Study

A

To collect data about a specific phenomenon within its real-life context

55
Q

Grounded Theory

A

To systematically gather data to learn more about social relationships and the behaviours of groups, known as social processes

56
Q

Ethics in Qualitative research

A
  1. Forced participation
  2. Lack of informed consent
  3. Lack of confidentiality
  4. Lack of anonymity
  5. Sharing ppts personal data
  6. Deception
  7. Physical or psychological harm
  8. Intrusion
57
Q

Overt

A

When someone is aware they are being watched and can see the observer

58
Q

Covert

A

When someone isn’t aware they are being watched being under cover. More chance of naturalistic and valid behaviour

59
Q

Controlled observation

A

OBservations that take place in a controlled environment eg a lab

60
Q

Participant observation

A

When observer is part of the group they are observing usually done covertly undercover cop

61
Q

Structured observations

A

When you know what behaviours you are going to observing before observing them

62
Q

Unstructured observations

A

When you have no idea what behaviours you will observe as you dont know what behaviours will come up. Eg observing people at a nudist beach

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