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Sports therapy > Assessing sports injuries > Flashcards

Assessing sports injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Concussion

A

A traumatic brain injury resulting force sustained to the head/neck.
Symptoms can take an hour to develop

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2
Q

Long term impact of concussion

A
  • Dementia
  • Sub concussions
  • Retirement
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3
Q

11R’S

A
  • Recognise
  • Reduce
  • Remove
  • Refer
  • Re-evaluate
  • Rest
  • Rehabilitate
  • Recover
  • Return to sport
  • Reconsider
  • Residual effects
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4
Q

Concussion red flags

A
  • Double vision
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Weakness or tingling
  • Deteriorating conscious state
  • Vomiting
  • Severe or increasing headache
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5
Q

Pitchside assessment questions (concussion)

A
  1. What venue are we at today?
  2. Which half is it now?
  3. Who scored last in this match/What is the score?
  4. Who did you play last week?
  5. Did your team win the last game?
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6
Q

SCAT

A

Sport concussion assessment tool
(first 72 hours post injury)

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7
Q

SCOAT

A

Sport concussion office assessment tool
(72 hours + post injury)

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8
Q

Stages of soft tissue repair

A
  1. Acute stage
  2. Sub-acute stage
  3. Chronic stage
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9
Q

Acute stage

A

Inflammatory phase
0-10 days post injury

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10
Q

Sub-acute stage

A

The repair stage
10 days to 6 weeks post injury

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11
Q

Chronic stage

A

The remodelling phase
6 weeks to 2 years post injury

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12
Q

Cardinal signs of injury

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Reduced ROM
  • Redness
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13
Q

Aim of the inflammatory stage (acute stage)

A

The body’s immediate response to injury

The aim is to control fluid loss and cleanse the damaged tissue by delivering white blood cells

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14
Q

Aim of Fibroblastic repair phase
(sub-acute)

A

Aims to restore damaged tissues to their original condition through proliferation and regeneration leading to scar formation and repair

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15
Q

Aim of Remodelling phase (chronic)

A

Realignment of collagen fibres

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16
Q

Factors that impede healing

A
  • Extent of injury
  • Oedema
  • Haemorrhage
  • Poor vascular supply
  • Tissue seperation
  • Muscle spasm
  • Atrophy
  • Infection
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17
Q

Grade 1 injury

A

No tissue tearing or loss of function or strength just a low grade inflammatory response

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18
Q

Grade 2 injury

A

Tissue damage and strength of the muscle is reduced

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19
Q

Grade 3 injury

A

Complete tear of musculotendinous unit and complete loss of function

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20
Q

Grade 4 injury

A

Complete tear of the muscle and fascia of the muscle- tendon unit

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21
Q

4 pulses in the body

A

Radial - wrist
Tibial - ankle
Carotid - neck
Femoral - inner thigh

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22
Q

Primary injury

A

Result of direct force or trauma

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23
Q

Neurotmesis

A

This is severe nerve injury that disrupts the entire
nerve.

Usually results in a
permanent neurological
impairment

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24
Q

Sports promoting kyphosis

A
  1. Cycling
  2. Rowing
  3. Boxing
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25
Q

phagocytosis

A

A process of removing injured tissue and injury bi-products

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26
Q

Types of shock that may develop with acute spinal cord injury

A

Hypovolaemic
Neurogenic

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27
Q

AVPU

A

ALERT
VERBAL
PAIN
UNCONSCIOUS

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28
Q

Secondary injury

A

after primary injury function may or may not become limited

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29
Q

Examples of primary injury

A
  • ACL Tear
  • ATFL Tear
  • Hamstring Tear
  • Achilles tendon tear
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30
Q

Examples of secondary injury

A
  • Anterior Knee Pain following Ankle Joint
    Fracture
  • Low Back Pain developed since Hip Trauma
  • Bicep Tendinopathy following Glenoid
    Labrum Tear
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31
Q

Mechanism of injury (MOI)

A
  • What happened, exactly
  • When
  • Where
  • Pain
  • Noise
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32
Q

Graze

A

damage to the skin caused by rubbing against
something rough and hard

33
Q

Cut

A

an injury made when something sharp pierces the skin

34
Q

Burn

A

an injury caused by fire, heat, radiation, chemical
action, electricity, or friction

35
Q

Neuropraxia

A

This is a bruising or compression of a nerve

36
Q

MECHANISMS OF SPINAL INJURY

A
  • Axial loading/compression
  • Hyperflexion or extension
  • Excessive lateral flexion
  • Hyper rotation
  • Distraction
37
Q

Hypovolemia

A

loss of effective circulating blood volume

38
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

loss of tone in blood vessels
potentially causing blood pooling

39
Q

SIGNS OF SPINAL INJURY

A
  • Central neck/back pain
  • Deformity of column
  • Paralysis
  • Numbness/ pins and needles
  • Heavy limbs
40
Q

VITAL SIGNS

A
  • Heart Rate / Pulse rate
  • Pulse Oximetry/Sp02
  • Capillary refill
  • Respiratory rate
  • Blood Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Pupils
41
Q

Other vital considerations

A
  • Diabetes/Blood Sugar levels
  • Asthma & Inhalers
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epilepsy
42
Q

PULSE OXIMETRY

A
  • Measurement of oxygen levels in arterial
    blood
  • Mainly measured via finger probe
43
Q

THE ROLE OF LIGAMENTS

A

Joint Stability
Enable Proprioception

44
Q

Ligament Injury Management

A
  • Protect & Immobilise
  • Rest – think about weight bearing status.
  • Ice – for how long/often through which stages
  • Compress and/or elevate
  • Potentially heat – again for how long/often/which stages
44
Q

Mechanical Instability

A

Refers to laxity of a joint due to loss of
mechanical restraint, such as ligamentous tissues

44
Q

Functional Ankle Instability

A

Describes the perception that the joint, is
weaker, more painful, or less functional following injury.

45
Q

Rescuer Safety protocol

A

*S – Shout for help
*A – Assess the Scene
*F – is it Free from Danger?
*E – if so, Evaluate the Player

45
Q

SCENE SAFETY / HAZARDS

A
  • Other people
  • Animals
  • Projectiles (balls, debris)
  • Bodily fluids
  • Traffic
  • Weather & Climatic conditions
46
Q

Steps of Concussion recognition tool

A

Recognise and remove
Observable signs
Symptoms
Memory assessment

47
Q

GB Athletics Grading System

A

A new muscle injury classification
* Classification based on (grades 0–4) and site (a,
b or c) of injury.
* Site of injury is determined as myofascial (a),
muscular/musculotendinous (b) or intratendinous (c).
* Extent of injury is determined by MRI features of the
muscle injury

48
Q

Muscle injury modifiable risk factors

A

– Fatigue
– rest & recovery
– Muscle ‘’imbalance’’
– Training environment
– Length/Strength
– Conditioning

49
Q

Muscle injury unmodifiable risk factors

A

– Previous Injury
– Sporting ‘Chaos’
– Age

50
Q

MUSCLE INJURIES physical signs

A
  • Pain – onset, nature & location
  • Reduced range of motion
  • Bruising/Swelling
  • Force production decrease
  • Guarding/Limping
51
Q

MUSCLE INJURY
TESTING

A
  1. Position patient to effectively isolate muscle
    in question
  2. Passively assess range of motion
  3. Resist force production in inner, mid & outer
    range
  4. Palpate muscle tissue from
    origin to insertion
52
Q

what do dying cells release

53
Q

How many stages are there in a standardised return to play programme or graduated activity return to sport pathway

54
Q

Lordosis

A

The excessive inward curvature of the spine. It can affect either at the neck or lower back causing pain and discomfort.

55
Q

Kyphosis

A

An abnormality of the spine causing excessive curvature of the upper back. This causes pain and stiffness.

56
Q

SECONDARY PATHOLOGY
FROM SPINAL INJURY

A
  • Obstructed airway
  • Reduced pulmonary ventilation
  • Hypovolemia
  • Impaired vascular supply to the cord
57
Q

IMMEDIATE ASSESSMENT of spinal injury

A

– MILS
– Anterior Hold
– Oxygenate & Ventilate
– Call for help!

58
Q

MILS

A

(manual inline stabilisation)

59
Q

Guidelines state that C-spine X-ray is not required if meet all 5 criteria

A
  1. No posterior midline C-spine tenderness
  2. No evidence of intoxication
  3. A normal level of alertness
  4. No focal neurologic deficit – leg/arm weakness or numbness
  5. No painful, distracting injuries – long bone fractures
60
Q

How to deal with SOFT TISSUE INJURIES OF THE FACE

A

– Clean wound with saline
– Haemostasis
– Close wound

61
Q

EPISTAXIS (NOSE BLEED)

A

– Cotton roll
– Head forward
– Pressure to bridge of nose
– If bleeding is uncontrolled – refer to A&E

62
Q

WHAT TO DO WHEN HARD TISSUE INJURY OF THE FACE

A

– LOOK:
– EYES:
– NOSE:
– EARS:

63
Q

MOUTH AND JAW injury

A

Check with gloves
– Tongue,
oral cavity
mandible and temporomandibular joint

64
Q

Proptosis

A

eyeball pushed forward

65
Q

Opthalmoplegia

A

paralysis of eye muscles

66
Q

MANDIBULAR FRACTURE

A
  • Step deformity
  • Loss of arch form
  • Malocclusion of the jaw
67
Q

Periorbital ecchymosis (bruising)

A

BASAL SKULL FRACTURE

68
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

When one arm is stronger than the other

69
Q

scoliosis

A

When the spine twists and curves to the side

70
Q

ASSESS MUSCLE LENGTH AND
STRENGTH

A
  • Range of movement – is it limited compared to the unaffected side?
  • Quality of movement
  • Pain
  • Discomfort
  • Strength compared to unaffected side
71
Q

Purpose of MILS

A
  • Discourage the spinally injured player from moving the head.
  • Protect the head and neck from accidental contact during a busy rescue.
  • “Red flag” to others that there is a problem with the neck.
72
Q

Contusion

73
Q

Laceration

A

A cut from sharp object

74
Q

Abrasion

75
Q

Return to play pathway 6

A
  1. Rest period
  2. Light exercise
  3. Sport specific exercise
  4. Non contact training
  5. Contact training
  6. Return to play after 19 days

Sports therapy (16 decks)

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