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Assessment of sport injuries 2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Tissue healing

Tissue changes

Affected Structures

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2
Q

Aetiology

A

Mechanism

Cause of injury

Contributing factors

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3
Q

Clinical signs and symptoms

A

Presentation of injury

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4
Q

Epidemiology

A

What population group is the injury common to?

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5
Q

What are potential referral pathways for injury

A

Refer to their GP

Refer to A and E

OR refer to a consultant

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6
Q

Observation

A

What are you looking for with your injury

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7
Q

Touch

A

What are you feeling for and why would it feel like that>

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8
Q

AROM

A

Active range of motion

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9
Q

PROM

A

Passive range of motion

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10
Q

Laxity

A

Looseness of a bone or joint

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11
Q

Shoulder injuries

A
  1. Long head of biceps tendinopathy
  2. AC Joint sprain
  3. SLAP tear
  4. Frozen shoulder/Adhesive capsulitis
  5. Supraspinatus tear
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12
Q

Elbow, Wrist & Hand injuries

A
  1. Lateral epicondylitis
  2. Colles’ fracture
  3. Carpal tunnel syndrome
  4. Scaphoid fracture
  5. Mallet finger
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13
Q

Hip injuries

A
  1. Iliopsoas related groin pain
  2. Insertional hamstring tendinopathy
  3. Rectus femoris strain
  4. Labral tear
  5. Femoral stress fracture
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14
Q

Knee injuries

A
  1. ACL rupture
  2. Biceps femoris sprain
  3. Meniscus tear
  4. Medial tibial stress syndrome
  5. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
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15
Q

Ankle injuries

A
  1. ATFL sprain
  2. Achilles tendinopathy
  3. Plantar fasciitis
  4. Navicular stress fracture
  5. 1st MTP joint OA
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16
Q

Biceps Tendinopathy

A

Aetiology - Overuse from throwing activities. Previous trauma

Pathology - Acute inflammation of Biceps tendon longhead can lead to chronic degeneration and then structural weakness graded 1-4

symptoms - anterior shoulder pain,
Clicking or audible popping noises,
Tenderness on palpation

Clinical tests - Empty can test, speeds test

Epidemiology - typically observed in young adult athletes doing overhead throw sports, swimming, baseball and tennis

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17
Q

AC Joint sprain

A

Aetiology - A hard, direct hit to the shoulder
Falling and landing onto shoulder or repetitive overhead movements

Pathology - Involves AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments. Injury triggers inflammation and maybe deformity

symptoms - shoulder pain and swelling, deformity, tenderness

Clinical signs - Scarf test

Epidemiology - Occur in contact sports at 20-40 year age group mostly in males

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18
Q

SLAP tear (superior labral anterior posterior)

A

Aetiology - Falls onto outstretched arm or overhead throwing

Pathology - superior labrum provides shoulder stability
Damage can compromise shoulder mechanics, leading to instability, reduced strength, and pain.

symptoms - Catching or popping, locking in shoulder movement or pain

Clinical signs - Crank test, speeds test

Epidemiology - Slightly more males 20-50 who play overhead sports eg baseball, or can be caused by degeneration for older ppl

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19
Q

Frozen shoulder/Adhesive capsulitis

A

Aetiology - Can happen post surgery or post stroke or another traumatic condition can cause this injury

Pathology - has three stages Freezing. frozen and thrawing stages where it gets better

symptoms - Shoulder pain at night and at rest and stiffness.
Restricted external rotation, flexion and abduction

Clinical tests - Painful arc test, resisted PROM of flexion

Epidemiology - In women, as approximately 70% of individuals who present with a frozen shoulder, are females. As well as older people 40 - 60

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20
Q

Supraspinatus tear

A

Aetiology - Fall on an outstretched arm
Degenerative: Wear and tear of the tendon slowly over time

Pathology - One of 4 rotator cuff muscles. ​
Assists in shoulder abduction and stabilizes the shoulder joint.​
Can be graded 1-3

symptoms - Decreased ROM
Pain at rest and at night,
Stiffness or burning

Clinical tests - Empty/full can test or supraspinatus muscle test

Epidemiology - It mostly affects the dominant arm with people above 40 more so males

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21
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

A

Aetiology - Overuse of muscles of forearm and elbow. Repetitive wrist extension and forearm supination/pronation

pathology - Involves degeneration and specifically affects common extensor tendon and Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

symptoms - Pain, Stiffness.

Clinical signs - mills test

epidemiology - Effects 35- 50 year olds common in tennis players and grip sports

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22
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Aetiology - from simply falling on an outstretched wrist in extension

pathology - Distal radius fracture. Involves deformity and can lead to arthritis or osteoporosis

clinical signs & symptoms - Severe wrist pain, Swelling, Deformity, Numbness or tingling

epidemiology - More common in women over 50 mostly postmenopausal

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23
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Aetiology - results from increased pressure in the carpal tunnel and compression of the median nerve

pathology - Involves compression of median nerve, which can lead to damage

symptoms - tingling or numbness

Clinical tests- Tinels/ phalens test

epidemiology - usually occurs between ages 36 and 60 and is more common in women who are pregnant. Or manual labourers

24
Q

Scaphoid fracture

A

Aetiology - following a fall onto an outstretched hand or
Traumatic injury through contact sports and road traffic accidents

pathology - Most common carpal bone fracture can have healing complications due to tenuous blood supply. Can be TYPE ABCD

symptoms - Deep, dull ache in wrist and also swelling
Aggravated pain by pinching and gripping.

Clinical tests - Scaphoid palpation

epidemiology - predominantly affect young adults, with a mean age of 29 years.
Higher incidence in males in high impact sports, rugby, football

25
Mallet finger
Aetiology - Sudden forced flexion or extension from hitting a ball pathology - Disruption of extensor mechanism at distal interphalangeal joint clinical signs & symptoms - Swollen and pain in the finger epidemiology - More common in ball sports and men 20-50 years old basketballers or baseball or cricket.
26
Iliopsoas related groin pain
Aetiology - Acute trauma or overuse of the iliopsoas pathology - Consists of psoas major psoas minor and iliacus muscles. Provides stability and has 3 grades with grade 3 most painful. symptoms - Groin aches and pain when using iliopsoas Clinical tests - Faddir or thomas test epidemiology - Young adults and soccer player. Slightly more prevalent in females
27
Insertional hamstring tendinopathy
Aetiology - Overstretching, overuse or too high training intensity Or inflammation pathology - characterized by degeneration, inflammation, or injury to the tendons of the hamstring muscles at their attachment site on the pelvis symptoms - Pain in the glutes and thigh Clinical tests - Painful palpations epidemiology - long distance runners and athletes taking part in sprints or football and hockey more common in females
28
Rectus femoris strain
Aetiology - . Sudden deceleration of the leg via kicking or violent contraction of the quadriceps via sprinting. Or overuse pathology - Grade 1 - tightness Grade 2 - Sharp pain when running Grade 3 - Severe pain in thigh Grade 4 - complete tear symptoms - Bruising, swelling and pain or tightness Clinical tests - straight leg raise epidemiology - Common in basketball, rugby or footballers, more so males
29
Labral tear
Aetiology - Direct trauma - e.g. motor accidents, falling with or without a hip dislocation, slipping Sporting activities that requiring twisting and turning, eg - ballet pathology - Involves acetabulum, labrum and tranverse ligaments. Helps with joint stability and proprioceptive feedback symptoms - A constant dull pain with periods of sharp pain. Night pains, clicking Clinical tests - FABER, FADDIR, straight leg raise epidemiology - More common in female dancers or gymnasts or older people from degeneration
30
Femoral stress fracture
Aetiology - Repetitive load on the bone maybe after recovering from another injury. Trauma or overuse. pathology - 3 grades to describe progression of fracture. Progresses through stress reaction then microfracture development then finally complete fracture. clinical signs & symptoms - Point tenderness on palpation Local swelling Pain with activity epidemiology - Occurs more commonly in women and distance runners
31
ACL rupture
Aetiology - Pivot or cutting movements. Landing from a jump with knee extended pathology - Leads to altered joint biomechanics. Can trigger inflammation or initiate degenerative changes. Grade 1-4 depending on how much laxity symptoms - Audible crack or pop, extreme pain and swelling Clinical tests - Lachmanns, Anterior drawer test epidemiology - female athletes associated with pivoting, decelerating and jumping.
32
Biceps femoris sprain
Aetiology - Usually happen in the 2nd phase of a swinging phase so when kicking pathology - 3 grades of injury with 1 being mildly severe and 3 being extremely severe symptoms - Pain, Tenderness, Loss of ROM Clinical tests - straight leg raise epidemiology - Very common in football and running and slightly more in males
33
Meniscus tear
Aetiology - Often happens from traumatic sporting injuries to knee or when turning. pathology - Disruption of meniscal tissue can lead to cartilage damage has 3 grades. Can cause Osteoarthritis symptoms - Pain, popping sounds, joint line tenderness Clinical tests- Thessalys, Mcmurrays test epidemiology - more common in males, because they are more involved in aggressive sporting
34
Medial tibial stress syndrome (Shin splints)
Aetiology - Large increase in load, volume and high impact exercise can put at risk pathology - Involves tibialis posterior, soleus and FDL leads to inflamation and stress fracture if untreated clinical signs & symptoms - Pain during exercise. Pain persists all day Tightness epidemiology - More common in female athlete runners 15-50
35
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (runners knee)
Aetiology - overuse and overload of the patellofemoral joint or a fall or trauma pathology - Muscular imbalances like weak quadriceps can lead to inflammation and degeneration. Involves patella tendon, femur and quads clinical signs & symptoms - Anterior knee pain or tenderness around patella epidemiology - Young adults, slightly more in female runners or cyclists
36
ATFL sprain
Aetiology - Sudden inversion of the ankle likely to happen when foot is in plantarflexion pathology -3 grades of injury with grade 3 complete tear. Involves anterior talofibular ligament symptoms - Pain, tenderness and swelling, bruising Clinical tests - Anterior drawer test, Talar tilt test, epidemiology - Common in basketball players and indoor sports and younger adults 15-35
37
Achilles tendinopathy
Aetiology - Repetitive overload of Achilles tendon or degeneration. pathology - Can be midportion Achilles (most common) or insertional Achilles at the calcaneal insertion symptoms - Morning pain, Achilles becoming thicker, Stiffness Clinical tests - Calf raise, Achilles palpation epidemiology - more common in males 30-50 years, running and jumping sports
38
Plantar fasciitis
Aetiology - overuse injury, primarily due to repetitive strain but can occur as a result of trauma. Inflammation of plantar fascia. pathology - Plantar fascia is thick band of connective tissue supporting arch of foot to absorb shock when running,. Graded 1-4 symptoms - Tenderness and sharp pain Clinical tests - Windlass test epidemiology - 40-60 year olds slightly more common in females and runners
39
Navicular stress fracture
Aetiology - The cause is a repetitive chronic load to the midfoot or overuse pathology - A crack or break in the navicular bone and occurs due to poor blood supply so makes it harder for the bone to recover and repair. clinical signs & symptoms - chronic mid-foot ache and a limp, tenderness epidemiology - Young male athletes 15-30 High impact sports, football, gymnasts, dancers
40
1st MTP joint OA (Hallux Rigidus)
Aetiology - A degenerative condition of first MTP joint cartilage. Or trauma or repetitive load. pathology - Osteophytes can form on dorsal part of joint. Inflammation can happen Grade 1-4 clinical signs & symptoms - Pain, swelling, redness, stiffness, loss of motion epidemiology - More common in 30-60 females post menopausal. Or people with deformities in foot
41
Red flags
Cauda equina Cancer Night pain Unexplained weight loss Infection Avascular necrosis
42
Yellow flags
Past depression High stress levels Social withdrawals Inappropriate expectations
43
What do active movements assess
- To Assess Function and Strength - Helps identify the range of motion - Assesses muscle strength, coordination, and pain during self-initiated movement.
44
What do passive movements assess
- To Assess Joint Mobility - Identify Joint Stiffness or Pain - Useful for patients unable to move actively - Useful for us to evaluate the joints end feel
45
What do resisted movements assess
- Helps Determine Strength Levels - Helps identify weaknesses
46
Shoulder Function tests
- Press up - Overhead lifting - Throwing
47
Knee Function tests
- Squat - Step up - Lunge - Jump - Kick
48
Ankle Function tests
- Heel raise - Jump - Hop - Skip
49
Elbow wrist and hand function tests
- Wall press up - Press up - Under arm throwing - Overhead throwing
50
Hip function tests
- Walk - Run - Squat - Lunge - Jump
51
Shoulder Observations
- Hip levels - Spine Curvature - Foot positioning - Shoulder levels
52
Shoulder touch
- Hot/cold - Dry/ Scaly or shiny
53
Elbow/ wrist hand Observations
- Hand position compared to other side - Scars - dropped wrist - Clawed fingers
54
Elbow/ wrist hand touch
- Dry / sweaty skin
55
Hip observations
- How their gait is (walk) - Hip shouldnt be coming out loads trendelburg.
56
Observation of Knee
- Q angle
57
Observation of Ankle
- Bruising or swelling when standing

Sports therapy (16 decks)

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