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Sports therapy > Assessment of sport injuries 2 exam > Flashcards

Assessment of sport injuries 2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Tissue healing

Tissue changes

Affected Structures

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2
Q

Aetiology

A

Mechanism

Cause of injury

Contributing factors

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3
Q

Clinical signs and symptoms

A

Presentation of injury

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4
Q

Epidemiology

A

What population group is the injury common to?

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5
Q

What are potential referral pathways for injury

A

Refer to their GP

Refer to A and E

OR refer to a consultant

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6
Q

Observation

A

What are you looking for with your injury

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7
Q

Touch

A

What are you feeling for and why would it feel like that>

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8
Q

AROM

A

Active range of motion

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9
Q

PROM

A

Passive range of motion

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10
Q

Laxity

A

Looseness of a bone or joint

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11
Q

Shoulder injuries

A
  1. Long head of biceps tendinopathy
  2. AC Joint sprain
  3. SLAP tear
  4. Frozen shoulder/Adhesive capsulitis
  5. Supraspinatus tear
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12
Q

Elbow, Wrist & Hand injuries

A
  1. Lateral epicondylitis
  2. Colles’ fracture
  3. Carpal tunnel syndrome
  4. Scaphoid fracture
  5. Mallet finger
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13
Q

Hip injuries

A
  1. Iliopsoas related groin pain
  2. Insertional hamstring tendinopathy
  3. Rectus femoris strain
  4. Labral tear
  5. Femoral stress fracture
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14
Q

Knee injuries

A
  1. ACL rupture
  2. Biceps femoris sprain
  3. Meniscus tear
  4. Medial tibial stress syndrome
  5. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
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15
Q

Ankle injuries

A
  1. ATFL sprain
  2. Achilles tendinopathy
  3. Plantar fasciitis
  4. Navicular stress fracture
  5. 1st MTP joint OA
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16
Q

Biceps Tendinopathy

A

Aetiology - Overuse from throwing activities. Previous trauma

Pathology - Acute inflammation of Biceps tendon longhead can lead to chronic degeneration and then structural weakness graded 1-4

symptoms - anterior shoulder pain,
Clicking or audible popping noises,
Tenderness on palpation

Clinical tests - Empty can test, speeds test

Epidemiology - typically observed in young adult athletes doing overhead throw sports, swimming, baseball and tennis

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17
Q

AC Joint sprain

A

Aetiology - A hard, direct hit to the shoulder
Falling and landing onto shoulder or repetitive overhead movements

Pathology - Involves AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments. Injury triggers inflammation and maybe deformity

symptoms - shoulder pain and swelling, deformity, tenderness

Clinical signs - Scarf test

Epidemiology - Occur in contact sports at 20-40 year age group mostly in males

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18
Q

SLAP tear (superior labral anterior posterior)

A

Aetiology - Falls onto outstretched arm or overhead throwing

Pathology - superior labrum provides shoulder stability
Damage can compromise shoulder mechanics, leading to instability, reduced strength, and pain.

symptoms - Catching or popping, locking in shoulder movement or pain

Clinical signs - Crank test, speeds test

Epidemiology - Slightly more males 20-50 who play overhead sports eg baseball, or can be caused by degeneration for older ppl

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19
Q

Frozen shoulder/Adhesive capsulitis

A

Aetiology - Can happen post surgery or post stroke or another traumatic condition can cause this injury

Pathology - has three stages Freezing. frozen and thrawing stages where it gets better

symptoms - Shoulder pain at night and at rest and stiffness.
Restricted external rotation, flexion and abduction

Clinical tests - Painful arc test, resisted PROM of flexion

Epidemiology - In women, as approximately 70% of individuals who present with a frozen shoulder, are females. As well as older people 40 - 60

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20
Q

Supraspinatus tear

A

Aetiology - Fall on an outstretched arm
Degenerative: Wear and tear of the tendon slowly over time

Pathology - One of 4 rotator cuff muscles. ​
Assists in shoulder abduction and stabilizes the shoulder joint.​
Can be graded 1-3

symptoms - Decreased ROM
Pain at rest and at night,
Stiffness or burning

Clinical tests - Empty/full can test or supraspinatus muscle test

Epidemiology - It mostly affects the dominant arm with people above 40 more so males

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21
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

A

Aetiology - Overuse of muscles of forearm and elbow. Repetitive wrist extension and forearm supination/pronation

pathology - Involves degeneration and specifically affects common extensor tendon and Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

symptoms - Pain, Stiffness.

Clinical signs - mills test

epidemiology - Effects 35- 50 year olds common in tennis players and grip sports

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22
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Aetiology - from simply falling on an outstretched wrist in extension

pathology - Distal radius fracture. Involves deformity and can lead to arthritis or osteoporosis

clinical signs & symptoms - Severe wrist pain, Swelling, Deformity, Numbness or tingling

epidemiology - More common in women over 50 mostly postmenopausal

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23
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Aetiology - results from increased pressure in the carpal tunnel and compression of the median nerve

pathology - Involves compression of median nerve, which can lead to damage

symptoms - tingling or numbness

Clinical tests- Tinels/ phalens test

epidemiology - usually occurs between ages 36 and 60 and is more common in women who are pregnant. Or manual labourers

24
Q

Scaphoid fracture

A

Aetiology - following a fall onto an outstretched hand or
Traumatic injury through contact sports and road traffic accidents

pathology - Most common carpal bone fracture can have healing complications due to tenuous blood supply. Can be TYPE ABCD

symptoms - Deep, dull ache in wrist and also swelling
Aggravated pain by pinching and gripping.

Clinical tests - Scaphoid palpation

epidemiology - predominantly affect young adults, with a mean age of 29 years.
Higher incidence in males in high impact sports, rugby, football

25
Q

Mallet finger

A

Aetiology - Sudden forced flexion or extension from hitting a ball

pathology - Disruption of extensor mechanism at distal interphalangeal joint

clinical signs & symptoms - Swollen and pain in the finger

epidemiology - More common in ball sports and men 20-50 years old basketballers or baseball or cricket.

26
Q

Iliopsoas related groin pain

A

Aetiology - Acute trauma or overuse of the iliopsoas

pathology - Consists of psoas major psoas minor and iliacus muscles. Provides stability and has 3 grades with grade 3 most painful.

symptoms - Groin aches and pain when using iliopsoas

Clinical tests - Faddir or thomas test

epidemiology - Young adults and soccer player. Slightly more prevalent in females

27
Q

Insertional hamstring tendinopathy

A

Aetiology - Overstretching, overuse or too high training intensity Or inflammation

pathology - characterized by degeneration, inflammation, or injury to the tendons of the hamstring muscles at their attachment site on the pelvis

symptoms - Pain in the glutes and thigh

Clinical tests - Painful palpations

epidemiology - long distance runners and athletes taking part in sprints or football and hockey more common in females

28
Q

Rectus femoris strain

A

Aetiology - . Sudden deceleration of the leg via kicking
or violent contraction of the quadriceps via sprinting. Or overuse

pathology - Grade 1 - tightness
Grade 2 - Sharp pain when running
Grade 3 - Severe pain in thigh
Grade 4 - complete tear

symptoms - Bruising, swelling and pain or tightness

Clinical tests - straight leg raise

epidemiology - Common in basketball, rugby or footballers, more so males

29
Q

Labral tear

A

Aetiology - Direct trauma - e.g. motor accidents, falling with or without a hip dislocation, slipping
Sporting activities that requiring twisting and turning, eg - ballet

pathology - Involves acetabulum, labrum and tranverse ligaments. Helps with joint stability and proprioceptive feedback

symptoms - A constant dull pain with periods of sharp pain. Night pains, clicking

Clinical tests - FABER, FADDIR, straight leg raise

epidemiology - More common in female dancers or gymnasts or older people from degeneration

30
Q

Femoral stress fracture

A

Aetiology - Repetitive load on the bone maybe after recovering from another injury. Trauma or overuse.

pathology - 3 grades to describe progression of fracture. Progresses through stress reaction then microfracture development then finally complete fracture.

clinical signs & symptoms -
Point tenderness on palpation
Local swelling
Pain with activity

epidemiology - Occurs more commonly in women and distance runners

31
Q

ACL rupture

A

Aetiology - Pivot or cutting movements. Landing from a jump with knee extended

pathology - Leads to altered joint biomechanics. Can trigger inflammation or initiate degenerative changes. Grade 1-4 depending on how much laxity

symptoms - Audible crack or pop, extreme pain and swelling

Clinical tests - Lachmanns, Anterior drawer test

epidemiology - female athletes associated with pivoting, decelerating and jumping.

32
Q

Biceps femoris sprain

A

Aetiology - Usually happen in the 2nd phase of a swinging phase so when kicking

pathology - 3 grades of injury with 1 being mildly severe and 3 being extremely severe

symptoms - Pain, Tenderness, Loss of ROM

Clinical tests - straight leg raise

epidemiology - Very common in football and running and slightly more in males

33
Q

Meniscus tear

A

Aetiology - Often happens from traumatic sporting injuries to knee or when turning.

pathology - Disruption of meniscal tissue can lead to cartilage damage has 3 grades. Can cause Osteoarthritis

symptoms - Pain, popping sounds, joint line tenderness

Clinical tests- Thessalys, Mcmurrays test

epidemiology - more common in males, because they are more involved in aggressive sporting

34
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome (Shin splints)

A

Aetiology - Large increase in load, volume and high impact exercise can put at risk

pathology - Involves tibialis posterior, soleus and FDL leads to inflamation and stress fracture if untreated

clinical signs & symptoms - Pain during exercise.
Pain persists all day
Tightness

epidemiology - More common in female athlete runners 15-50

35
Q

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (runners knee)

A

Aetiology - overuse and overload of the patellofemoral joint or a fall or trauma

pathology - Muscular imbalances like weak quadriceps can lead to inflammation and degeneration. Involves patella tendon, femur and quads

clinical signs & symptoms - Anterior knee pain or tenderness around patella

epidemiology - Young adults, slightly more in female runners or cyclists

36
Q

ATFL sprain

A

Aetiology - Sudden inversion of the ankle likely to happen when foot is in plantarflexion

pathology -3 grades of injury with grade 3 complete tear. Involves anterior talofibular ligament

symptoms - Pain, tenderness and swelling, bruising

Clinical tests - Anterior drawer test, Talar tilt test,

epidemiology - Common in basketball players and indoor sports and younger adults 15-35

37
Q

Achilles tendinopathy

A

Aetiology - Repetitive overload of Achilles tendon or degeneration.

pathology - Can be midportion Achilles (most common) or insertional Achilles at the calcaneal insertion

symptoms - Morning pain, Achilles becoming thicker, Stiffness

Clinical tests - Calf raise, Achilles palpation

epidemiology - more common in males 30-50 years, running and jumping sports

38
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Aetiology - overuse injury, primarily due to repetitive strain but can occur as a result of trauma. Inflammation of plantar fascia.

pathology - Plantar fascia is thick band of connective tissue supporting arch of foot to absorb shock when running,. Graded 1-4

symptoms - Tenderness and sharp pain

Clinical tests - Windlass test

epidemiology - 40-60 year olds slightly more common in females and runners

39
Q

Navicular stress fracture

A

Aetiology - The cause is a repetitive chronic load to the midfoot or overuse

pathology - A crack or break in the navicular bone and occurs due to poor blood supply so makes it harder for the bone to recover and repair.

clinical signs & symptoms - chronic mid-foot ache and a limp, tenderness

epidemiology - Young male athletes 15-30 High impact sports, football, gymnasts, dancers

40
Q

1st MTP joint OA (Hallux Rigidus)

A

Aetiology - A degenerative condition of first MTP joint cartilage. Or trauma or repetitive load.

pathology - Osteophytes can form on dorsal part of joint. Inflammation can happen Grade 1-4

clinical signs & symptoms - Pain, swelling, redness, stiffness, loss of motion

epidemiology - More common in 30-60 females post menopausal. Or people with deformities in foot

41
Q

Red flags

A

Cauda equina
Cancer
Night pain
Unexplained weight loss
Infection
Avascular necrosis

42
Q

Yellow flags

A

Past depression
High stress levels
Social withdrawals
Inappropriate expectations

43
Q

What do active movements assess

A
  • To Assess Function and Strength
  • Helps identify the range of motion
  • Assesses muscle strength, coordination, and pain during self-initiated movement.
44
Q

What do passive movements assess

A
  • To Assess Joint Mobility
  • Identify Joint Stiffness or Pain
  • Useful for patients unable to move actively
  • Useful for us to evaluate the joints end feel
45
Q

What do resisted movements assess

A
  • Helps Determine Strength Levels
  • Helps identify weaknesses
46
Q

Shoulder Function tests

A
  • Press up
  • Overhead lifting
  • Throwing
47
Q

Knee Function tests

A
  • Squat
  • Step up
  • Lunge
  • Jump
  • Kick
48
Q

Ankle Function tests

A
  • Heel raise
  • Jump
  • Hop
  • Skip
49
Q

Elbow wrist and hand function tests

A
  • Wall press up
  • Press up
  • Under arm throwing
  • Overhead throwing
50
Q

Hip function tests

A
  • Walk
  • Run
  • Squat
  • Lunge
  • Jump
51
Q

Shoulder Observations

A
  • Hip levels
  • Spine Curvature
  • Foot positioning
  • Shoulder levels
52
Q

Shoulder touch

A
  • Hot/cold
  • Dry/ Scaly or shiny
53
Q

Elbow/ wrist hand Observations

A
  • Hand position compared to other side
  • Scars
  • dropped wrist
  • Clawed fingers
54
Q

Elbow/ wrist hand touch

A
  • Dry / sweaty skin
55
Q

Hip observations

A
  • How their gait is (walk)
  • Hip shouldnt be coming out loads trendelburg.
56
Q

Observation of Knee

A
  • Q angle
57
Q

Observation of Ankle

A
  • Bruising or swelling when standing

Sports therapy (16 decks)

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