Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sports therapy > Manual therapy theory > Flashcards

Manual therapy theory Flashcards

1
Q

Professionalism

A

Introduce yourself
Greet patient
Ask about patient
Explain what your doing and why
Ask about Consent and comfort constantly
Patient being appropriately undressed and instructed on bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Manual therapy effects on pain

A
  • Pain gate
  • Opioid response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nociceptors

A

specialised nerve endings that are
activated by a biological stimulus of sufficient intensity
to threaten tissue damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute pain

A
  • Pain that lasts for a short time and
    occurs following surgery or trauma or other condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sub-acute pain

A
  • Pain that is progressing towards chronic pain, but this progression may be prevented.
  • This is known as the transition phase.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recurrent pain

A

Pain that occurs on a cyclical basis,

  • EG: a migraine or pelvic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chronic pain

A

Pain that lasts beyond the time expected for healing following surgery or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pain gate theory (1965)

A
  • This theory suggests that the spinal cord has a “gate” mechanism that can inhibit or allow the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
  • By stimulating sensory receptors in the joints and tissues through manual therapy the input from these receptors can “close” the gate, reducing the perception of pain. T
  • This helps explain the immediate pain-relieving effect of joint mobilisations.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The gate part of the theory

A

The ‘gate’ is the mechanism where pain signals can be let through or restricted.

One of two things can happen, the gate can be ‘open’ or the gate can be ‘closed’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Open gate

A

If the gate is open, pain signals can pass through and will be sent to the brain to perceive the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Closed gate

A

If the gate is closed, pain signals will be restricted from travelling up to the brain, and the sensation of pain won’t be perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gate mechanism neurons

A
  1. A-β fibres
  2. A-δ fibres
  3. C fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A-β fibers (Alpha-Beta)

A
  • large diameter fibers,
  • have a quick transmission of impulses, due to their myelination
  • these type of fibers are activated by light touch, pressure, and hair movement
  • These stop the transmission of pain neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myelination

A

Material surrounding nerve cells to insulate them and increase rate at which electrical impulses pass along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A-δ fibers (Alpha-Delta)

A
  • smaller diameter fiber
  • they are thinly myelinated, and are stimulated by pain and temperature, specifically sharp, intense, tingling sensations
  • Responsible for sharp pains received at the time of injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

C fibers

A
  • have the slowest transmission of impulse since they are not myelinated
  • these type of fibers are activated by pain and temperature, namely prolonged burning sensations
  • Result in dull longer lasting pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How rubbing and manual therapy helps pain in terms of fibers

A

This helps sooth and reduce the pain.

The non-noxious A-β fibers are activated and inhibit the A-δ and/or C fibers causing the pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Opioids

A

A class of drugs that provide pain relief by acting on areas in the spinal cord and brain to block the transmission of pain signals.

EG: Morphine, codeine, fentanyl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Concave

A

bone that is rounded inwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Convex

A

joint that is rounded outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glide test

A

involves the application of passive gliding movements in all achievable directions
helps find out in which directions joint gliding is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kaltenborn Convex-Concave Rule

A

to allow ease in identifying the direction of limitation and subsequently the direction that treatment is to be applied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When a convex joint surface is moving

A

the roll and glide transpire in the opposite direction

  • The therapist moves a convex joint surface opposite to the direction of reduced movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When a concave joint surface is moving

A

the roll and the glide takes place in the same direction

  • The therapist moves a concave joint surface in the same direction of the reduced movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does Mulligan mobilization allow

A
  • allows the patients to perform the offending movements in a functional position, hence, leading to a rewarding outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 key factors of Maitland mobilization

A
  • Accessory movements
  • Physiological movements
  • Overpressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Flexion

A

the action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Extension

A

straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body.

This occurs at the hip and shoulder joints during a jumping jack movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Adduction

A

movement towards the midline of the body

Jumping jack putting hands back to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Plantar flexion

A

– pointing the toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

the foot moves towards the shin as if you are pulling your toes up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

internal rotation

A

a rotational movement towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

external rotation

A

is a rotating movement away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Elevation

A

refers to movement in a superior direction

(e.g. shoulder shrug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Depression

A

depression refers to movement in an inferior direction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Medial (internal)

A

towards the midline

eg : The nose is medial to the ears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lateral (external)

A

away from the midline

eg: The eye is lateral to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Anterior

A

refers to the ‘front’,

40
Q

Posterior

A

refers to the ‘back’.

41
Q

Superior

A

Higher

42
Q

inferior

A

Lower

43
Q

Proximal

A

proximal means closer to its origin,
eg: The knee joint is proximal to the ankle joint

44
Q

Distal

A

distal means further away.
eg: The wrist joint is distal to the elbow joint.

45
Q

Pronation

A

Putting something in prone position

eg: putting hand palm down

46
Q

Supination

A

Putting something in supine position

eg: putting palm up

47
Q

Inversion

A

involves the movement of the sole in a medial direction

48
Q

Eversion

A

involves the movement of the sole in a lateral direction

49
Q

Opposition

A

brings the thumb and little finger together.

50
Q

Reposition

A

a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.

51
Q

Protraction

A

Moves the scapula forward (anteriorly) and toward the side of the body (laterally).

52
Q

Retraction

A

Causes the shoulder blades to move back (posteriorly) and toward the body’s midline (medially)

53
Q

Psychological and Emotional Benefits of manual therapy

A

Manual therapy reduces pain which improves an individual’s psychological state.

It helps in relieving muscle tension

Reduces cortisol levels (stress)

Oxytocin can be released giving a relaxed feel(relax hormones)

Decrease in Nociceptive Input to lower pain sensation

54
Q

Overpressure (Maitland)

A

Each joint has a passive range of movement which exceeds its available active range.

To achieve this range a stretch is applied to the end of normal passive movement.

This range nearly always has a degree of discomfort and assessment of dislocation or subluxation should be acquired during the subjective assessment

55
Q

Subluxation

A

A partial dislocation of a joint

56
Q

Physiological Movements (Maitland)

A

The movements which can be achieved and performed actively by a person and can be analysed for quality and symptom response.

57
Q

Accessory Movement (Maitland)

A

joint movements which cannot be performed by the individual.

These movements include roll, spin and slide which accompany physiological movements of a joint.

examined passively to assess range and symptom response in the open pack position of a joint

58
Q

Grade I

A

small movement at the beginning of the available range of movement. (0 – 30%

59
Q

Grade II

A

large movement within the available range of movement (20 – 70%)

60
Q

Grade III

A

large movement that reaches the end range of movement
(50 – 100%)

61
Q

Grade IV

A

small movement at the very end range of movement
(80 – 100%)

62
Q

Lower grades (I + II

A

used to reduce pain and irritability

63
Q

Higher grades(III + IV

A

used to stretch the joint capsule and passive tissues which support and stabilise the joint so increase range of movement.

64
Q

Oscillations

A

30-60 oscillations per minute

65
Q

Intraarticular

A

Inside a joint

66
Q

periaarticular

A

Around a joint

67
Q

Cyriax manual therapy

A
  • Examination, diagnosis and therapy of the spine and peripheral joints.
  • based on thorough patient testing to make an accurate diagnosis
  • helps to answer the question of whether the problem is caused by a joint, a muscle or a nerve
68
Q

What does Cyriax manual therapy include

A

Deep transverse friction and traction

or manipulation techniques

69
Q

McKenzie manual therapy

A
  • Therapy to heal the spine through active patient movements
  • Therapy is carried out in accordance with the principle of grading strength.
  • EG: First the patient performs the movement on his own, then with his own pressure, then with the help of the therapist
  • Then if necessary there is a place for manual techniques, such as mobilization or manipulation
70
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • A condition that causes the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain and stiffness.
71
Q

Joint end feel

A

This is what an examiner feels when the joint is at the end of its passive available range of motion in assessment.

There is two types of end feel - Classic normal end feel
and - abnormal end feel

72
Q

Classic normal end feels

A
  1. Bony end feel
  2. Soft tissue approximation where tissue meets tissue
  3. Tissue stretch where their is a firm springy type of movement
73
Q

Abnormal end feels

A
  1. Muscle spasm end feel
  2. Empty end feel
  3. Springy block end feel where there is rebound sensation
  4. Soft or mushy end feel when joint feels mushy
74
Q

Positive research about manual therapy

A

Qinguang xu et al found:

  • that manual therapy effectively and safely alleviated pain, reduced stiffness and restored physical function in knee osteoarthritis patients.
75
Q

Mulligan Manual Therapy

A
  • helps to improve function and provides total relief from painful conditions.

-They are used in the spine and the upper and lower extremities with underlying pathologies

-. Mulligan manual therapy involves the usage of painless loading of articular surfaces and combining passive movement with active movements.

75
Q

Contraindications to manual therapy

A
  • If the area is to be treated as an open wound.
  • If the patient has a recent history of fractures.
  • If there are skin infections at the treatment site.
  • If the patient is suffering from osteoporosis (a condition in which bone becomes weak).
  • If the patient has malignant conditions.
  • In cases of undiagnosed pain or tumours , manual therapy cannot be done.
  • If there is acute inflammation of a joint
75
Q

Maitland manual therapy

A
  • Maitland manual therapy uses passive rhythmic movements that are painless, and sometimes manipulation is also incorporated along with mobilization.
  • Manipulation involves rapid movements. They are used in the spine and the joints of extremities.
  • There are five grades in Maitland manual therapy.
76
Q

Benefits of manual therapy

A
  • Posture and movement can be enhanced through manual therapy.
  • Manual therapy can be used in chronic painful conditions like backache, neckache, and leg pain.
  • Manual therapy will also help in healing the scar tissue by stretching.
  • Manual therapy provides a gentle stretch to the skin that enhances lymph capillary activity.
  • Range of motion can be improved through manual therapy.
  • Manual therapy helps reduce pain and inflammation.
77
Q

Risks and Side Effects of Manual Therapy

A
  • Soreness and discomfort
  • Bruising and swelling:
  • Joint or tissue damage if performed incorrectly
  • Nerve damage: if too much pressure put on nerves
  • Increased pain:
  • Adverse reactions
  • Everything is only short term benefits
78
Q

Hysteresis

A
  • The energy dissipation in tissues when they are cyclically loaded and unloaded, as occurs during joint mobilisation.
  • When tissues are mobilised, some energy is absorbed, leading to heat generation and tissue relaxation.
  • This reduces tissue stiffness and improves elasticity, allowing the joint to move more freely after the mobilisation is complete.
79
Q

Manual therapy effects on tissue mobility/extensibility

A
  • By manually moving the joints through a controlled range, manual therapy helps improve the range of movement and stretch the surrounding tissues
  • Helps improve flexibility and increase the range of motion in both muscles and joints. By loosening tight muscles and mobilising stiff joints.
  • Enhanced circulation enhances the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while helping to remove waste products such as lactic acid.
80
Q

Ankle joint (Talocrural) Concave and convex

A

Talus - Convex
Tibial mortise - concave

81
Q

Knee joint (Tibiofemoral) concave and convex

A

Femoral condyles - Convex
Tibial plateai - Concave

82
Q

Hip joint (acetabulofemoral) Concave and convex

A

Femoral head - Convex
Acetabulum - Concave

83
Q

Shoulder joint (Glenohumeral) concave and convex

A

Humeral head - Convex
Glenoid fossa - Concave

84
Q

Elbow joint (Humeroulnar) Concave and convex

A

Trochlea of humerus - Convex
Trochlear notch of ulna - Concave

85
Q

Wrist joint (Radiocarpal) Concave and convex

A

Proximal row of carpals - Convex

Radius and articular disc - Concave

86
Q

Sternoclavicular joint Convex or concave

A

Medial end of clavicle - Convex
Sternal notch - Concave

87
Q

Acromioclavicular joint Convex or concave

A

Lateral end of clavicle - Convex

Acromion process of scapula - Concave

88
Q

Patellofemoral joint concave and convex

A

Patella - Concave
Femoral trochlea - Convex

89
Q

1st MTP Joint (Big toe) Concave and convex

A

Metatarsal head - Convex
Base of proximal phalanx - Concave

90
Q

1ST MCP joint (thumb) Concave and convex

A

Metacarpal head - Convex

Base of proximal Phalanx - Concave

91
Q

Passive Physiological Mobilisations

A

Put joint through flexion,extension,inversion,eversion,rotation,abduction

using grades and oscillations

92
Q

Accessory Mobilisations

A

Use posterior or anterior glides

93
Q

Treatment session Dosage

A

For example
- Perform grade 3 oscillations for 30 to 60 seconds

  • If tolerated can progress to grade 4
  • Repeat 2 to 3 times monitoring pain and discomfort
94
Q

Test-retest process

A

Make sure to retest passive physiological movements after applying the manual therapy to check for improvements

95
Q
A

Sports therapy (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions