Research and EBP

Question 1

What is qualitative research?

Answer 1

Data collected from observation, interviews, verbal actions. Non-objective in nature.

Question 2

What is quantitative research

Answer 2

Collected objective data that can be subjected to statistical analysis

Question 3

What is the hierarchy of evidence quality?

Answer 3

1. Systematic review
2. RCT (experimental)
3. Cohort studies (longitudinal, exploratory, prospective)
4. Case control (retrospective)
5. Crossectional
6. Case series (descriptive)
7. Case report (descriptive)

Question 4

What are the three types of study design models?

Answer 4

• Descriptive (analysis or classification of a phenomenon)
• Experimental (comparison of two or more conditions to determine cause and effect)
• Exploratory (examines the dimensions of something and its relationship to other factors ie. Cohort/case control)

Question 5

What is reliability

Answer 5

The degree to which a test CONSISTENTLY measures what it is intended to measure

Question 6

What are the categories for the Kappa statistic

• poor to fair
• moderate
• substantial
• excellent
• perfect

Answer 6

<40 poor to fair
40-60 moderate
60-80 substantial
>80 excellent 
100 perfect

Question 7

What are the values for pearson co-efficient

• little or no relationship
• fair
• moderate to good
• good to excellent

Answer 7

• 0.25 little
  0. 25-0.5 fair
  0. 5-0.75 good
  0. 75 + good to excellent

Question 8

What is validity

Answer 8

The degree to which a test ACCURATELY measures what it is intended to measure

Question 9

What are the types of validity

Answer 9

• Construct validity (overall representation of underlying construct)
• face validity (make sense to users)
• content validity (assessment by experts that the content is consistent)
• external validity (study results generalised to different settings/times)
• criterion related validity - comparison with the gold standard

Question 10

T-test

Answer 10

Comparison of a mean with a norm or two means to determine the difference BETWEEN TWO GROUPS

Question 11

CHI-Square

Answer 11

probability that group difference result from chance - assessment of nominal data (often genetics/population studies)

Question 12

Correlation co-efficient

Answer 12

measure of the linear relationship (+1.0 is a perfect positive correlation where an increase in one causes a proportional increase in the other)

Question 13

ANOVA

Answer 13

Comparison of three or more conditions. Can be between or within groups

Question 14

What is the independent variable

Answer 14

THe variable that is being changed or altered by the experimenter

Question 15

What is the dependent variable

Answer 15

The variable that is being measured by the experimenter

Question 16

What is Nominal Data? Eg?

Answer 16

Category data - hair colour, religion, disease types, country of birth

Question 17

What is Ordinal Data? Eg?

Answer 17

Statements of rank - greater than or less than others. ie MMT. No absolute zero no set interval between points.

Question 18

What is interval data? Eg?

Answer 18

Comparable distance between points - no true zero. eg. Years, temperature, age

Question 19

What is ratio data? Eg?

Answer 19

Absolute zero with no negative values. Physical height, weight, ROM

Question 20

What is an alpha error?

Answer 20

Error of false positive/ Type I error

Question 21

What is a beta error?

Answer 21

Error of false negative/ type II error

Question 22

Increasing specificity does what to the chance of error?

Answer 22

Lowers the chance of type I errors

Question 23

Increasing sensitivity does what to the chance of error

Answer 23

lowers the chance of type II errors