Research Flashcards by Arylle Bustamante PTRP

3 factors involved in a evidence based practice

Expertise
Evidence
Patients

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Type of research that stablish cause and effect relationship

True experimental research

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Criterias of true experimental group

Controlled and the experimental group
Researcher manipulated group
Randominization

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If one or more of the criteria of true experimental research is not met.

Quasi experimental research

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Most commonly not attained criteria to fall under Quasi experimental research

Randominization

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Type of research which describes characteristics, attitude, behavior, beliefs, manifestations

Non experimental descriptive

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Type of research which describes connections or relationships between variables and it doesn’t manipulate parients

Non experimental exploratory

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Type of research design that uses collection of several researches

Synthesized literature

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2 types of synthesized literature

Systematic reviews

Meta analysis

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Type of synthesized literature that focuses on comprehensive analysis of FULL RANGE LITERATURE

Systhematic reviews

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Type of synthesized literature that uses statistical combination of several researches

Higher level if validity

Meta analysis

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2 types of Qualitative research designs

Phenomenology

Ethnography

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Type of Qualitative research design that focuses on specific events

Phenomenology

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Type of Qualitative research design that focuses on ethnicity
Describes culture, traditions, attitude, and beliefs
+SITE VISIT
It relates health conditions with their ethnics

Ethnography

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6 types of Quantitative research designs

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Cohort/follow up study
Case control
Cross sectional
Longitudinal 
Singke subject design

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Gold standard of all experimental researches

High validity

A true experimental research

Randomized controlled trial

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Prospective study
Subjects may NOT HAVE the disorder yet
Waits for the future results

Cohort/Follow-up study

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Retrospective study

Subjects may already HAVE the disorder

Case control

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Studies group of subjects at specific point in time

Cross sectional

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Studies SERIES of cohort studies or follow up studies

Example: milestones

Longitudinal

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Studies effectiveness of a specific intervention

Single subject design

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Single subject design for effectiveness of a specific intervention

A-B

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Single subject design for the duration of effectiveness

+wash out period(no tx)

A-B-A

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Single subject design
if the independent variable is the direct cause of change in the dependent variable.
Identifying if there is a intervening variables

A-B-A-B

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Building blocks of a research title or research question

Variables

Cause Makes change Intervention or treatment AKA predictor variable

Independent variable

Effect The one that will change AKA target variable

Dependent variable

Decreases validity of the research AKA unaccounted variable/covariable

Intervening variable

Educated guess

Hypothesis

A hypothesis that does not expect/assume | More on negative

Null hypothesis

A hypothesis that expects/assume | More on positive

Alternative hypothesis

Type of error when the researcher rejects the null when its in fact it is true Implications: giving a tx that is NOT REALLY EFFECTIVE

Type I error

Type of error when the researcher accepts the null when it is false Implications: ignoring a tx that is REALLY EFFECTIVE

Type II error

Weakest or lowest data type Ex. Gender, blood type, course AKA classificatory scale

Nominal data

Rank ordered category Every rank has its own description Ex. Mmt grade, pain scale, fim, borg scale(Likert scale)

Ordinal data

Rank order with known distance No absolute Zero(can extend beyond zero) Ex. Temperature

Interval data

True absolute Zero Highest level Zero means nothing Ex. Height, weight,age, length

Ratio

Representative of the population

Sample

2 types of sampling

Probability sampling technique | Non probability sampling technique

4 types of probability sampling

Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster sampling

Classic fishbowl technique | All have EQUAL chance of being a part of the sample

Simple random sampling

+Layers/group All have chance but UNEQUAL Divided according to characteristics

Stratified random sampling

Sampling interval Every _nth UNEQUAL chance

Systematic sampling

For large populations UNEQUAL chance Divided into groups regardless of characteristics

Cluster sampling

4 types of Non probability sampling

Convinience sampling Purposive sampling Snowball sampling Quota sampling

Sample is chosen based on availability

Convinience sampling

+criteria

Purposive sampling

Criteria-> chain referral

Snow ball sampling

Proportions

Quota sampling

Refers to Correctness, appropriateness

Validity

2 types of validity

Internal | External

Independent variable is the direct cause of change in dependent variables with NO intervening variable Ex. US

Internal validity

Ability to generalize the research to the general population with same characteristics Ex. Intervention is applied to other patients =same effects

External validity

Threats to internal validity

Hawthorne effect Placebo effect Carry over effect

A threat to internal validity the Tendency to perform better because they are being observed

Hawthorne effect

A threat to internal validity the Tendency to report better due to a sham tx(false) Purely psychological

Placebo effect

A threat to internal validity Due to multiple tx intervention Many intervening variables

Carry over effect

Threats to external validity

Interaction of tx and selection Interaction of tx and setting Interaction of tx and history

Refers to consistency, reproducibility, free from error

Reliability

Reliability of 2 or more raters in a single trial

Intertester reliability

Reliability of 1 rater in a multiple trials

Intratester reliability

Reliability from the stability of the outcome measure

Test-retest reliability

Ability to obtain a positive result when the condition is present

True positive

Ability to obtain a negative result when the condition is really absent

True negative

If the test has high ______ a NEGATIVE result RULE OUT diagnosis

Sensitivity

If a test has high ______ a POSITIVE result RULES IN the diagnosis

Sensitivity

Measures of central tendency

Mean Median Mode

Average score

Mean

Divides the scores into 2 halves

Median

Most frequent score in a distribution

Mode

Measures of variables

Range Standard Variance

Difference of the highest and lowest scores

Range

Difference around the mean

Standard deviation

Difference among the scores

Varience

Normal distribution bell curve

Mesokurtic curve

Far apart bell curve

Platykurtic curve

Bell curve that has a concentrated distribution on one side

Leptokurtic curve

Tail to the right | Majority are below average

Positively skewed

Tail to the left | Majority are below average

Negatively skewed

Ratio and interval

Parametric

Nominal and ordinal

Nonparametric

2 types of transformation tests

Brush | Rasch

Converts interval to ordinal

Brush | Code: BIO ROI

Converts ordinal to interval

Rasch | Code: BIO ROI

Called the predictor variable

Independent variable

Ability to generalize the research to the general population with the same characteristics

External validity

To meet the definition of reliable a test must be both what

Consistent | Free from error

To compare a distribution

Pie graph

To illustrate a change in the variables

Line graph

To illustrate a larger change in the variables

Bar graph

If you want to graphically illustrate the relationship of two variables.Which type of graph would you select?

Scatter plot

A px uses a self administered assessment tool as a method to record daily progress. What type of reliability?

Intratester