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RUSVM Therio > Reproductive Toxicants > Flashcards

Reproductive Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What plants are teratogens?

A

Locoweed
Poison hemlock
Lupine
Tree tobacco

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2
Q

What plants can cause abortions??

A

Locoweed
Nitrates
Ponderosa pine
Broomweed

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3
Q

When does poison hemlock cause teratogenic effects?

A

50-75days in gestation

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4
Q

What syndrome does poison hemlock (conium maculatum) cause?

A

Crooked calf syndrome

Multiple congenital contracture

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5
Q

What teratogenic effects do lupine effects?

A

Severe limb and spinal deformities

Cleft palate

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6
Q

Ingestion of lupine between _________ days causes severe limb and spinal deformities?

A

40-70

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7
Q

T/F: lupine are not teratogenic in small ruminants

A

True

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8
Q

What teratogenic effects does tobacco plant have?

A

Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine

Ingestion between 50-75 days

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9
Q

What are the species of locoweed?

A

Astragalus

Oxytropis

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10
Q

What affects can locoweed have on reproduction?

A

Neurologic signs
Abortion
Fetal abnormalities — hydrops/arthrogyroposis

Up to 40% of grazing cattle may abort

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11
Q

What is the toxic principle in ponderosa pine?

A

Isocupressic acid

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12
Q

What does ponderosa pine cause in cattle that graze the pine needles?

A

50% abortion rate
—> vasoconstriction at caruncles
—> hemorrhagic placentitis
—> >3days of ingestion

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13
Q

What plant contains mono and di-terpenes, saponins , and oxygenated flavonoids methyl esters?

A

Broomweed or snakeweed

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14
Q

Ingestion of broom week causes what in the pregnant cow?

A

Abortion and retained fetal membranes

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15
Q

What fungus can infect fescue and causes peripheral vasoconstriction ?

A

Neotyphodium coenophalium

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16
Q

What is another name for the decreased reproductive efficiency and infertility/ decreased milk production cased by fescue toxicosis?

A

Summer slump

17
Q

What plants accumulate nitrates?

A 
Johnson grass
Sudan grass 
Oats 
Wheat 
Corn
18
Q

When are you most likely to see nitrate toxicity and what are the clinical manifestations?

A

Drought periods

Fetal hypoxia and death
Late gestation abortions

19
Q

How can you confirm nitrate toxicity?

A

Test ocular fluid of aborted fetus

20
Q

T/F: nitrates cause a methemoglobinemia leading to fetal hypoxia and death

A

True

21
Q

Common product used in beef cattle operations to prevent flies, ticks and lice?

A

Pyrethroid insecticides

— applied topically as back rubs, sprays, or ear rages

22
Q

How are pyrethroids metabolized ?

A

By the enzymes that clear steroid hormones

—> has potential to disrupt sex steroid profiles (if used in correct dosages, there is no evidence that it causes harmful effects on bull fertility)

23
Q

What are indications for induced abortion in cattle?

A

Accidental breeding of young heifers

Pregnancy in feedlot heifer

Fetal maceration

Fetal mummification

Hydrops

24
Q

What are the dropsical conditions?

A

Hydrallantois
—abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-20day period of last trimester

Hydamnios
—gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid
—fetal dysfunction

25
Q

How can you treat dropsical conditions?

A

Induce abortion

Slow drainage of fluid (24hr period)

Constant monitoring of dam (vaginal exam for relaxation of cervix, delivery will likely require assistance)

26
Q

What are the sources of progesterone in the cow during gestation?

A

Luteal — during first 150days of gestation

Placenta — 150-250days

During final month P4 from placenta declines and CL maintains pregnancy again

27
Q

What drugs can induce abortion?

A

Prostaglandins (cause luteolysis)
—estrumate
—lutalyse

Corticosteroid (reduce placental P4 production)
—dexamethasone

28
Q

What is the best choice for inducing abortion during day 5-150 of gestation?

A

PGF

Single dose will cause abortion in 5-7days, fertile estrus occurs 3-5days later

29
Q

What is the best method of inducing abortion during day 150-250 of gestation?

A

Corticosteroids AND PGF

—> disrupt both placental and luteal P4

30
Q

Abortion after day 120 leads to ________ in 80% of cows

A

Retained fetal membranes

31
Q

What are indications for induced parturition in the cow?

A

Severe udder edema
Vaginal prolapse
Abnormal pregnancy (hydrops)

32
Q

How can you induce parturition?

A

Give dexamethasone or PGF ALONE in final month of gestation —> parturition will occur in 2-3days

RUSVM Therio (20 decks)

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