Non Infectious Infertility Flashcards
What is metritis?
Severe inflammation involving all layers of the uterus
- endometiral mucosa and submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
Whet is endometritis ?
Inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper than the stratum spongiosum
Metritis and endometritis usually occurs _______ days post calving
21
What is pyometra?
Collection of purulent exudate of variable amount within the endometiral cavity
Persistence of a corpus luteum
Suspension of the estrous cycle
Clincial signs of metritis?
Fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge
Within 21days post calving
If systemic Pyrexia Reduced milk yield Dullness Inappetence or anorexia Elevated HR Dehydration
Cow presents with an abnormally large uterus post calving
There is purulent discharge and pyrexia is present
What is your DDX?
Metritis
How do you treat Metritis?
Systemic antibiotics
—ceftiofur (longer lasting)
—penicillin
—oxytetracycline (not really used anymore due to resistance)
Anti-inflammatory
+/- uterine lavage
T/F: there is usually systemic illness with endometritis?
False
No systemic illness
Clinical signs of endometritis?
Purulent discharge in the vagina 21 or more days after calving
Risk factors for endometritis?
Retained fetal membranes Still birth Twins Assisted calving Primiparity
How can you confirm diagnosis of endometritis?
Rectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasound
Examine contents of the vagina
—gloved hand
—speculum
—metricheck device
Treatment of endometritis ?
Systemic and intrauterine antibiotics
Penicillin
Withdrawn: milk 96hrs, meat 10days
Ceftiofur sodium
Ceftiofur crystalline free acid (LABELD for metritis - last the longest)
Withdraws: meat 1days
Oxytet — not effective
Hormone therapy
- prostaglanin F2a
- oxytocin -increase uterine tone
- estrogen - increase oxytocin rectors
Supportive care
What is the etiology of pyometra?
Occurs when metritis, endometritis, lochia or other contents are present and ovulation occurs resulting in CL formation
—1st post partum ovulation in dairy cow is 18days
—normal gross uterine involution is complete at 30days
Uterine contents inhibit PGF2a release and the CL is maintained
Pyometra discovered after NATURAL breeding may be more likely due to __________________
Tritrichomonas
Clincial signs of pyometra?
Lack of estrus
Purulent exudate in uterus
Diagnosis of a pyometra?
History -lack of estrus
Rectal exam — thin walled, fluid filled uterus
Must be differentiated from pregnancy —lack of cardinal signs
Treatment of pyometra?
Removed CL
— PGF2a
Prognosis is fair to good, but do not breed on the first heat after CL removal
What is a true anestrus?
Due to insufficient hormonal stimulus
Factors
—nutrition
—eliminate stress
—detect and treat
Causes of prepubertal anestrus?
Poor nutrition
To young — breed variations or genetic components
Intersex states
—free martinism
—ovarian aplaisa/hypoplasia
What is the pathophysiology of freemartinism?
Shared chorioallantoic membranes
Testicles of male twin develop prior to female —> produced AMH —> circulates into female tract and inhibits female duct system development
Clinical appearance of a freemartin cow?
Most are apparently normal
Can have a small vulva, enlarged clitoris, tuft of hair on ventral vulva
Internal structures are abnormal
- vestigial ovaries
- reduced development of paramesonephric ducts
- some development of the male duct system
-most commonly = small genital tract, hypoplasia ovaries, short vagina, and absent cervix
How can you diagnose freemartinism?
History of twin birth
Probe vagina — usually 1/3rd the length of the normal vagina
Lab test — Y chromosome with PCR or karyotype
Causes of postpartum anestrus?
Normal 3-5wks
Metritis
Poor nutrition
High producing dairy cows
Lactational anestrus
What is usually the cause of a post -service anestrus?
Poor nutrition
Other causes are: Environmental stress (heat), neoplasia (GCT)
Ovarian follicular cysts are AKA?
Cystic ovarian degeneration
Ovarian cysts
Cystic ovaries
Clinical signs of ovarian follicular cysts?
Anestrus
Irregular estrus intervals
“Bull like appearance”
Increases calving interval by 50days
What is the etiology of ovarian follicular cysts?
GnRH sure center appears to be refractory to estradiol stimulation —> therefore no LH surge for ovulation or luteinization
How do ovarian cysts develop?
Similar to follicular waves with recruitment, selection, and dominance
Dominant follicle reaches ovulatory size but fails to ovulate
Growth continues until cystic
Cyst produces Estradiol and inhibin A
Diagnosis of ovarian follicular cysts?
> 80% of cows show anestrus
A 2.5cm or greater large fluid filled structures in absence of CL (rectal palpation)
Ultrasound
Treatment for ovarian follicular cysts ?
Spontaneous recovery
50% before fist postpartum ovulation
20% after first postpartum ovulation
Manual rupture not recommended
Lutenization/lyse it
- GnRH/PGF2a
- hCG/PGF2a
Aspiration
Progesterone (CIDR) fro 7days then lyse
