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RUSVM Therio > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuro control center for reproductive hormones? What are the components of this center?

A

Hypothalamus

Consists of ..
Proventricular nucleus PVN
Surge center
Tonic center

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2
Q

T/F: the surge center of the hypothalamus is only present in females, not males

A

True

Both males and females have a tonic center

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3
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei front he surge and tonic center terminate in the _______________

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (H-HPS)

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4
Q

Characteristics of reproductive hormones?

A

Act in small quantities
Short half life
Bind specific receptors

Cause release of other hormones 
Can stimulate the gonads 
Can cause sexual promotion 
Can help maintain pregnancy 
Leuteolysis
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5
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamic nuclei

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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH
LH
prolactin

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7
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

T/F: FSH and LH are decapeptide hormones

A

False

GnRH is a decapeptide
FSH, LH, and inhibin are glycoproteins (large molecule requiring a receptor)

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9
Q

Progesterone, testosterone and estradiol are all produced from what common molecule ?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

(Steroid/protein) hormones travel freely through plasma membrane into cytoplasm and bind directly to specific nuclear receptors

A

Steroid

Results in new protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is the target tissue of LH in the female vs the male?

A

Female — ovary theca interval and luteal cells

Male —testis leydig cells

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12
Q

What is the target tissue of FSH in the female vs the male?

A

Female — ovary (granulosa cells)

Male — Sertoli cells

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13
Q

What factors determine the strength of hormones?

A

Pattern and duration of secretion

Half life

Receptor density

Receptor-hormone affinity

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14
Q

Episodic hormone secretion is associated with hormones under ________ control

A

Nervous

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15
Q

In what type of hormone secretion pattern does the hormone stay low, but may fluctuate at very low levels

A

Basal

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16
Q

Where are steroid hormones metabolized and excreted?

A

Met in liver and excreted in urine and feces

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17
Q

Where are protein hormones metabolized and excreted?

A

Met — Liver and kidney

Ex in urine

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18
Q

What is estrus vs anestrus?

A

Estrus — period of sexual receptivity

Anestrus — not cyclone

19
Q

What type of estrous cycle do cattle, swine, and rodents have?

A

Polyestrus

20
Q

What type of estrous cycle do sheep, goats and deer have?

A

Seasonally polyestrus, short day breeders

21
Q

What type of estrous cycle do mares have?

A

Seasonally polyestrus, long day breeder

22
Q

What type of estrous cycle does the bitch have?

A

Monestrus

Zonary attachments leave placental scars which require healing time

23
Q

What is the dominant hormone during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

24
Q

What is the dominant ovarian structure and hormone in the luteal phase

A

Corpora lutea

Progesterone

25
Q

What are the 4 stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus

Estrus

Metestrus

Diestrus

26
Q

What occurs in proestrus and how long does it last?

A

P4 drops due to luteolysis

FSH and LH are being secreted—> estrogen secretion from follicles

27
Q

What occurs in estrus?

A

Period of sexual receptivity
Peak E2 secretion

Duration varies between species

28
Q

What occurs during metestrus?

A

CL formation —> begins secreting progesterone

Estrogen levels begin to drop

29
Q

What occurs during diestrus?

A

Sustained secretion of high levels of P4 from corpus luteum

Ends with luteolysis

30
Q

What are signs of estrus in the cow?

A

Increased locomotion
Increased vocalization
twitching
Elevation of the tail

Standing to be mounted

Mounting other females

31
Q

What are signs of estrus in the mare?

A

Increased locomotion
Tail flagging

Urination stance

Clitoral exposure by labial eversion

32
Q

Signs of estrus in the bitch?

A

Roaming
Immobile stance
Tail deflected to one side

Urinating in presence of male

33
Q

How long is anestrus in the bitch?

A

5 months

34
Q

How long does proestrus last in the bitch?

A

9 days

35
Q

How long does estrus last in the bitch?

A

9days

36
Q

How long does diestrus last in the bitch?

A

60 days

37
Q

In a Queen that is not mated what additional phase do they have in their estrous cycle?

A

Postestrus (7-10days)

38
Q

Females that do not exhibit regular estrous cycles are in _____________

A

Anestrus

Can be caused by.. 
Pregnancy 
Lactation 
Season (photoperiod) 
Stress 
Pathology
39
Q

What is true vs apparent anestrus ?

A

True anestrus
— insufficient hormonal stimulus
—factors: nutrition, eliminate stresses, detect and treat pathology

Apparent anestrus
—failure to detect estrus
—failure to know that she is pregnant

40
Q

What is the purpose of seasonal anestrus?

A

Carry developing fetus during a favorable time

Give birth during an advantageous time for new born (eg lambs born in early spring)

41
Q

What two speices are induced ovulatory?

A

Queen and llama

42
Q

What is roughly the length of diestrus in mares, cows, does, and sows?

A

15-17days

43
Q

What is the length of estrus in the mare?

A

4-7days

44
Q

How long does estrus occur in cows, ewes, does, and sows?

A

1-2 days

As short as 6 hours in the cow
Up to 3 days in sow

RUSVM Therio (20 decks)

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