Canine Pharmaceuticals And Infectious Dz Flashcards
What is a split estrus?
Short interval between clinical signs of proestrus (2-12weeks)
What drug can be used to delay the next estrus cycle?
Megestrol acetate (ovaban) —> progestin
In what species is megestrol acetate (ovaban) contraindicated?
Cats
Causes diabetes mellitus
What are consequences of supplementing progesterone?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)
Pyometra
What are supplemental progesterone?
Depoprovera (medroxyprogestrone acetate)
Prometrium (micronized progesterone)
Regumate (altrenogest)
How low should natural progesterone be before you consider supplementing?
3ng/ml or lower
Why do you want to wait until at least 45days of pregnancy to supplement progesterone?
Minimize masculinization of female pups, cryptorchidism in males
Also can cause prolonged gestation
Why should you remove supplemental progesterone 2-3 days prior to due date?
Allows cervix to relax adequately
What is the use of milbolerone?
Contraceptive
Androgenic compound —> preventing release of LH by negative feedback -> prevents estrus
Why is mibolerone contraindicated in cats?
Liver toxicity
When must mibolerone be started?
30 days prior to next anticipated cycle
Side effects of mibolerone?
Clitoral hypertrophy
Vaginitis
Estrogen toxicity
What can you use to treat a short interestrus cycle in bitches?
Milbolerone
Put on to achieve at least a 5 month IEI
What is used occasionally as a contraceptive in racing greyhounds?
Testosterone
What is the use of Deslorelin
GnRH analogue
Contraceptive, behavioral control, treat prostatic enlargement
Down regulates pituitary gonadal axis
Safe and reversible
What can be used to terminate a pregnancy in the case of “mismating”?
Estrogen
Estradiol cypronate
Estrone
—> causes “tubular lockage” and disrupts/alters uterine environment (sperm transport, capacitation, fertilization, and oviductal environment)
What is a side effect of estrogen “mismating shots”?
Pyometra
Signs of estrogen toxicity?
Bone marrow suppression
Lethal and irreversible
What are alternatives to giving a mismating shot?
Spay once in diestrus
Wait until day 28-30
Confirm preg with US
Abort at that time
Allow whelping
- euthanasia of pups
- placement of pups
Products that can be used for aborting early mismating?
Aglepristone — only in Europe’s
Mifepristone (human product)
Binds progesterone and glucocorticoids receptors —> lack of progesterone.. unable to support pregnancy
What products can be used to abort pregnancy after the 2nd trimester ?
Prostaglandins —> multiple small injections will lyse CL of bitch or queen
Prolactin inhibitors
- bromocriptine (dopamine agonsit)
-cabergoline (serotonin antagonist)
—> luteotrophic in bitch and queen, lyse CL
What other uses does prostaglanin have?
Treatment of pyometra, retained placenta, mismating, and collection of males
Before mid gestation, what can you use to induce abortion?
Lutalyse
Prolactin will not be luteotrophic before mid gestation so bromocriptine or cabergoline is not effective until after mid gestation
Why would you induce estrus?
Bitch has not come back into estrus for prolonged period of time
What drug is used to induce estrus?
Cabergoline
Don’t do this… bad side effects
What is canine /pesudopregnancy
Syndrome of mammary development, galactorrhea, nesting behaviour, mothering behaviour, without pregnancy
Treatment for canine pseudopregancy?
Cabergoline Time Testosterone Milerone Bromocriptine
How can you prevent premature uterine contractions?
Terbutaline — B2 agonsit
Progesterone can also help if terbutaline not completely effective
What drug treatment can you used for a bitchy that whelps with little or no milk?
Domperidone
Rarely used—- pups fostered out usually
How can you confirm diagnosis of ovarian remnant syndrome ?
AMH — singe test diagnostic
Cytology indicating proestrus/estrus
US- soft tissue mass
Hormones — estradiol <20pg/ml
GnRH or hCG
What is your dx for a prepubertal puppy that has a small about of purulent discharge ?
Vaginitis
R/O concurrent cystitis
What is the treatment of vaginitis in the puppy?
Post pone spay until it resolves
Goes away with first estrus
Estrogen therapy to control urinary incontinence
What must you R/O of your differentials for adult onset vaginitis?
Skin dz — perivulvar dermatitis
Anatomical- inervtered juvenile vulva
Foreign bodies
Tumors
Treatment for adult vaginitis?
DES to thicken vaginal epithelium and improve urinary incontinence
Estrogen cream
Premarin tablet (conjugated estrogens)
Continue until >70% anucleated superficial cells then maintain 10days more
What treatment can be done for serous cases of adult vaginitis?
Episioplasty — removal of excess skin folds around the vulva
Allows freer voiding of urine
How is brucella canis transmitted?
Through mucous membrane contact with organism
Clinical signs caused by brucella?
Abortion —> placentitis
Orchitis/epididymitis
T/F: all dogs with enlarged testes should be tested for canine brucellosis?
True
Treatment for brucella?
Castration and antibiotics
Removal from breeding stock
How can you diagnose brucella canis?
Culture
Rapid slide agglutination — good screening
Tube agglutination test
Agar gel immunodiffusion test
Immunofluorescence antibody test
PCR
What is the cause of false postives in rapid agglutination test for brucella?
Early in disease process
Can detect dogs 12weeeks after inferno
What does brucella cross react with that can give a false positive?
Yersinia
What do you do if an animal tests postive on routine screen for brucella?
AGID to rule out false positive
What do you do if an animal tests positive for brucella and is showing clinical signs/
Blood or discharge clutlure
What should you do if on routine screen and animal tests negative for brucella?
No other tests needed
What should you do if an animal tests negative for brucella but is showing clinical signs?
3 monthly tests to rule out false neg
How can brucella canis be prevented?
Test new additions
Test all breeding animal annually to biannually — females prior to breeding
AI can decrease male exposure
If you culture mycoplasma from a repro tract of a dog with low conception rates and high fetal respiration… how would you treat?
Doxycycline
Canine herpesvirus causes what reproductive abnormalities?
Neonatal deaths primarily
Placentitis, abortion, stillbirths
High morbidity
During what time frame are bitche infected with canine herpesvirus?
Last three weeks of pregnancy and first three weeks of neonatal life
Clinical signs for puppies affected by canine herpesvirus?
Fading puppy syndrome — crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain
High mortality
Necropsy — petechial hemorrhages in kidney, liver, lung and spleen
When should testes be descended into the scrotum?
By 10 days
Both testicles should be descended into the scrotum by 16weeks, but not considered cryptorchid until 6 months (inguinal canal is closed by 6 months)
How can you confirm cryporchidism?
AMH
500IU hCG
Baseline testosterone, 4hr then 8 hr
Should more than double baseline if testes are present
Best treatment for testicular torsion?
Bilateral orchidectomy
T/F: autoantibodies can form against testicular tissue after testicular torsion?
True
What are the tumors of the testicle from most of least common?
Sertoli cell > seminoma ? Leydig/ intersitial cells
Which of the testicular tumors are hormone producing and have paraneoplasic syndrome?
Sertoli cell — estrogen secretion
Lydia — testosterone
Clincial signs assoicated with Sertoli cell tumors?
Feminization
Pancytopenia Anemia Bilateral symmetrical alopecia Hyperpigmentation of inguinal area Dry skin Gynecomastia Prostatitis. Pendulous prepuse Bone marrow hypoplasia
T/F: cryptorchid testes are more likely to develop neoplasm
True
Sertoli cell incidence up by 13.6x
All tumors up by 23x
T/F: TVT causes azoopermia
False
What type of tumor is a TVT?
Round cell tumor - looks like a histiocytoma
What is the most commonly diagnosed prostatic dz of older intact dogs?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
—characteristic ribbon like flat feces
Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia>
5a reductase inhibitors (blocks action of testosterone)
Castration
