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RUSVM Therio > Canine Pregancy And Postpartum > Flashcards

Canine Pregancy And Postpartum Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the time during one or more offspring develops in the uterus?

A

Gravidity/gestation

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2
Q

Why should we do pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Schedule holidays to coincide with arrival of pup

Decide whether they should mate additional bitches

Curiosity/expectancy

Implement veterinary care

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3
Q

What pre-breeding veterinary care should animals receive?

A

Brucellosis screening

Vaccination — core

Anthelmintics
Flea control
Heart-worm preventative

OFA — list of breed specific testing (eg hip dysplasia)

CERF (canine eye registration foundation)

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4
Q

At how many days can pregnancy be detected by abdominal palpation?

A

21-35 days

“String of pearls”

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5
Q

When is it safe to do rads for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

After 42 Days

-organogenesis /calcification complete

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6
Q

At how many days of pregnancy can US be used to determine fetal viability ?

A

22-25days

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7
Q

When is relaxin measurable in serum?

A

After 21-28 days

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8
Q

Where can you palpate to diagnose pregnancy in the dog?

A

Flank and lower abdomen
Feel gestational sacs (6-30mm diameter)

-> 87% accuracy

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9
Q

By how much should you increase nutrition to mama doggo in the last trimester?

A

By 50%

Multiple small meals — growth formulation with 28-30% protein
Fish oil with omega 3 helpful

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10
Q

What is the gestation length post ovulation for the dog?

A

63days

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11
Q

What is the gestation length after onset of diestrus?

A

56-57 days

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12
Q

What is the average length of feline pregnancy?

A

63days

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13
Q

What are signs that whelping is going to occur ?

A

Body temp drops usually below 98F (indicates drop in progesterone becaus it is thermogenic)
Nesting behaviour 12-24hrs before parturition

Milk glands evident 1-7days prior to parturition

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14
Q

What does a whelpwise machine detect?

A

Fetal heart rate

Detects labor and monitors fetal distress

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15
Q

How does progesterone change prior to parturition ?

A

10ng/ml at 36hrs prior to whelping

4ng/ml at 18hr prior

2ng/ml at 9hr prior

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16
Q

What is the best method for determining number of fetuses?

A

Radiographs — 1 week prior to due date is best

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17
Q

How should clients set up a whelping area at home?/

A 
Out of traffic area 
Whelping box with “pig rails” 
Acclimatize one week prior to due date 
Washable breeding 
Need good footing
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18
Q

Purulent discharge during pregnancy indicates?

A

Pyometra or dead fetus

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19
Q

What does hemorrhagic discharge indicate during pregnancy?

A

Can be normal

Can indicate impending abortion

Evaluate with cytology and vaginoscopy

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20
Q

What are the choice antibiotics in the pregnant bitch?

A

Clavamox, cephalosporins, Quinolones, ampicillin

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21
Q

What is the best method to determine fetal wastage?

A

Ultrasonography

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22
Q

Causes of fetal wastage?

A 
Trauma, heat stress
Luteal insufficiency
Viral 
Bacterial 
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 
Protozoa
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23
Q

Treatment for fetal wastage?

A

Evacuate uterine contents if all puppies/kittens are dead (PGF2a)

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24
Q

In what cases do you more commonly see prolonged gestation?

A

Singleton pregnancy

Medium to large breed dogs

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25
Q

How can you confirm you have a primary uterine interna?

A

If P4 <2ng/ml

No labour/prolonged gestation

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26
Q

Clinical presentation of uterine torsion?

A

Acute abdomen — pain, distress
May be asymptomatic until dystocia

Dx- exploratory laparotomy

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27
Q

What occurs in the first stage of parturition?

A

Begins after progesterone drops

Removal of “progesterone block” from uterus - myometrial activity begins

Increase in oxytocin receptor sites

Nesting, anxiety, anorexia, vomiting

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28
Q

What occurs in the second stage of parturition?

A

Active contractions — fetus in pelvic canal stimulates “urge to push”

Ferguson reflex — oxytocin release and abdominal contractions

Amnion appears first

Greatest effort do deliver head

Caudal presentation is normal

Greenish-black discharge “uteroverdin” (from placental marginal hematoma— accumulation of maternal blood that suppplies fetus with iron supplementation through pregnancy)

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29
Q

When should you intervene during parturition?

A

Active contractions >1hr
Rest period > 4 hrs

Black thick discharge without a fetus

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30
Q

60% of fetuses are born with what presentation?

A

Cranial longitudinal with front legs extended

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31
Q

About 40% of fetuses are born in what presentation?

A

Caudal longitudinal with hindlimbs extended

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32
Q

What breed is predisposed to primary uterine inertia and what is often the cause?

A

Terriers

Hypocalcemia

33
Q

What is secondary uterine inertia? What are causes of this?

A

When pup obstructs and the uterus tires

Often in bulldogs and boston terriers-> broad head and narrow pelvis

Poor conformation of pelvis (eg fracture or persistent hymen’s)

Strictures
Diaphragmatic rupture
Obesity
Neoplasia

34
Q

What intervention would you do if you determine the pups cannot be delivered naturally?

A

C section (consider early)

Oxytocin if no obstruction present

Ca++ if necessary

35
Q

What are the steps for intervention?

A

No intrapelvic obstruction (diagnose by digital exam, US, rads) —> give 1-2IU of oxytocin

If pup within 30mins —> give oxytocin about q30mins until all delivered

No pup—> give Ca 10% @ 1cc/30lbs IV with glucose) then oxytocin

No pup in 30mins —> C-section

36
Q

What is the third stage of parturition?

A

Passage of placenta — most passed within 15mins following fetus

2-3pups maybe born before passage of their placenta

Retention is rare — consider if purulent discharge occurs postpartum

37
Q

Now many layers are there and what type of placenta does the dog have?

A

Zonary endotheliochorial placenta

5 layers

38
Q

How many repeat C-sections are possible in an animal over their lifetime?

A

3-4 procedures if there are no complications

How does incision heal, adhesions, serosoal inclusion cysts?
Anesthesia ?
Body wall healing?

39
Q

What should you expect normally in the postpartum period?

A

Most of fluid and cellular material is expelled in the first 2 weeks
Changes in color- red —> brown
No odor

Brownish mucoid lochia can be normal for 4-6weeks postpartum

40
Q

When should pups be weaning ?

A

Start process at 3-4weeks

Complete by 5-8weeks

41
Q

How do you treat newborns that are lacking colostrum?

A

Pooled serum SQ in pups — 22ml/kg

42
Q

What is the normal temperature for pups in the first 2-3weeks?

A

Poikilothermic — ambient temp

43
Q

How should you manage temperature for newborn pups?

A

1-7 days keep temp at 85-90F

8-28 days keep temp at 80F

29+ days 70-75F

If babies are cold —> piles

44
Q

How much weight should puppies gain a day? What factors can impact this??

A

10% of brith weight / day

Hypothermia ***
Hypoglycemia (starvation)
Hypovolemia (dehydration)

45
Q

What do you call inflammation of the uterus?

A

Metritis (endometrium and myometrium)

46
Q

T/F: you see systemic illness in cases of metritis

A

True

—> fever and depression with purulent vulvar discharge

47
Q

How can you diagnose metritis ?

A

CBC
Vaginal cytology
Culture
US

48
Q

How would you treat metritis?

A

PGF2a to evacuate the uterus

Oxytocin is less effective >24hrs post whelping

49
Q

What phase of the cycle does pyometra occur?

A

Diestrus (progesterone phase)

50
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cystitis endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Estrogens
—promote growth inc. vascularity, edema of endometrium
—cervical relaxation and dilation
—increased P4 receptors

Progesterone
—stimulates proliferation and secretion of endometrial glands
— inhibit myometrial activity
—closure of cervix

In CEH —> normal down regulation of estrogen receptors with increasing P4 is defective —> prolonged estrogen effects on endometrium and high P4 receptors

51
Q

Most common organism to cause secondary infection in CEH?

A

E.coli

52
Q

What is the difference between an open and closed pyometra?

A

Open — less severely ill , copious red- brown, yellowish-green foul smelling vulvar discharge

Closed — no discharge, abdominal swelling, systemically ill

53
Q

What usually causes the depression and PU/PD seen in cases of pyometra?

A

Endotoxemia

54
Q

Treatment of pyometra ?

A

OHE

Medical
—PGF2q: lutalyse or estrumate (causes smooth muscle contractions for uterine evacuation)

— antimicrobial therapy based on C/S

55
Q

T/F: medical therapy iwth PGF2a can only be used in closed pyometra

A

FALSE

Only open pyometra

Can cause uterine rupture in a closed pyometra

56
Q

Side effcts of PGF2a?

A

Panting, salivation, vomiting, defecation, vocalization (queens)

57
Q

How can you reduce risk for pyometra in breeding bitches?

A

Breed starting early
Don’t miss a cycle
Spay when you have obtained all litters desired

*pregnancy seems protective of uterine pathology

58
Q

What is this?

A

Firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva
Occurs during for following parturition

Rx OHE

59
Q

When does vaginal prolapse usually occur?

A

When there is high estrogen

Proestrus and estrus

60
Q

Type this prolapse

Floor and walls of vagina are visible through vulva

A

Type 2

61
Q

Type this prolapse

Entire vaginal circumference protrudes out of the vulva like a doughnut

A

Type 3

62
Q

Treatment for vaginal prolapse?

A

Should regress after ovulation

Induce ovulation — GnRH or hCG

Keep clean and moist
E collar

Surgical — purse string suture / OHE

63
Q

DDX for tissue protruding from vulva?

A 
Prolapse 
Neoplasia 
Vaginal hyperplasia 
Vestibular mass (abscess) 
Intersex (enlarged clitoris)
64
Q

DDX for perineal masses?

A 
Tumor
Abscess
Hematoma 
Seroma 
Vaginal leiomyoma
65
Q

What do you call enlarged, hot, painful glands

Fever and leukocytosis also present?

A

Mastitis

66
Q

Common bacteria causing mastitis?

A

Coliform
Staph
Strep

67
Q

Treatment for mastitis?

A

Hot pack and strip abnormal milk (warm cooked cabbage -> anti inflammatory)

NSAIDS (carprofen — little goes into milk)

Pups on yogurt/probiotics

Surgically removed dead/gangrenous gland

68
Q

What is galactorrhea ?

A

Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy

69
Q

When does galactorrhea usually occur?

A

In response to decreasing P4 stimulation
— 2-3months after estrus
— 3-4 after diestrus OHE

This is a normal phenomenon of intact bitch as P falls and E2 and prolactin rise

70
Q

Clinical signs of false pregnancy?

A

Spontaneous development of mammary gland — usually clear, no milk

71
Q

Treatment for false pregnancy?

A

Usually resolves on its own
May last up to 6 weeks

R/O pregnancy — relaxin

Cabergoline -10day treatment

72
Q

What is the 2nd most common tumor type in dog?

A

Mammary neoplasia

1st are skin tumors

73
Q

If spayed before the first estrus cycle, the risk for mammary tumors in dogs is ___%, after the first cycle, risk is at __%

A

0.5; 8

74
Q

T/F: metastasis is common in canine mammary tumors

A

True

75
Q

Treatment for canine mammary tumors?

A

ALWAYS recommend surgery
— wide margins
—only 50% are completely removed

OHE may or may not increase survivialtime

Chemotherapy adjunct

76
Q

Clinical signs of eclampsia?

A 
Panting 
Pacing 
Muscle tremors — trembling 
Ataxia
Hyperthermia 
Tonic-clonic convulsions 
Death
77
Q

Treatment of hypocalcemia?

A

IV Ca gluconate to effect
Oral supplements for maintenance

Weaning — if pups old enough

78
Q

Clinical signs of subinvolution of placental sites ?

A

Persistent uterine bleeding
Gross lesions or erosions in endometrium

Histologically — mutlinuclear giant cells

RUSVM Therio (20 decks)

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