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Canine Pregancy And Postpartum Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the time during one or more offspring develops in the uterus?

A

Gravidity/gestation

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2
Q

Why should we do pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Schedule holidays to coincide with arrival of pup

Decide whether they should mate additional bitches

Curiosity/expectancy

Implement veterinary care

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3
Q

What pre-breeding veterinary care should animals receive?

A

Brucellosis screening

Vaccination — core

Anthelmintics
Flea control
Heart-worm preventative

OFA — list of breed specific testing (eg hip dysplasia)

CERF (canine eye registration foundation)

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4
Q

At how many days can pregnancy be detected by abdominal palpation?

A

21-35 days

“String of pearls”

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5
Q

When is it safe to do rads for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

After 42 Days

-organogenesis /calcification complete

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6
Q

At how many days of pregnancy can US be used to determine fetal viability ?

A

22-25days

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7
Q

When is relaxin measurable in serum?

A

After 21-28 days

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8
Q

Where can you palpate to diagnose pregnancy in the dog?

A

Flank and lower abdomen
Feel gestational sacs (6-30mm diameter)

-> 87% accuracy

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9
Q

By how much should you increase nutrition to mama doggo in the last trimester?

A

By 50%

Multiple small meals — growth formulation with 28-30% protein
Fish oil with omega 3 helpful

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10
Q

What is the gestation length post ovulation for the dog?

A

63days

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11
Q

What is the gestation length after onset of diestrus?

A

56-57 days

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12
Q

What is the average length of feline pregnancy?

A

63days

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13
Q

What are signs that whelping is going to occur ?

A

Body temp drops usually below 98F (indicates drop in progesterone becaus it is thermogenic)
Nesting behaviour 12-24hrs before parturition

Milk glands evident 1-7days prior to parturition

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14
Q

What does a whelpwise machine detect?

A

Fetal heart rate

Detects labor and monitors fetal distress

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15
Q

How does progesterone change prior to parturition ?

A

10ng/ml at 36hrs prior to whelping

4ng/ml at 18hr prior

2ng/ml at 9hr prior

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16
Q

What is the best method for determining number of fetuses?

A

Radiographs — 1 week prior to due date is best

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17
Q

How should clients set up a whelping area at home?/

A 
Out of traffic area 
Whelping box with “pig rails” 
Acclimatize one week prior to due date 
Washable breeding 
Need good footing
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18
Q

Purulent discharge during pregnancy indicates?

A

Pyometra or dead fetus

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19
Q

What does hemorrhagic discharge indicate during pregnancy?

A

Can be normal

Can indicate impending abortion

Evaluate with cytology and vaginoscopy

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20
Q

What are the choice antibiotics in the pregnant bitch?

A

Clavamox, cephalosporins, Quinolones, ampicillin

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21
Q

What is the best method to determine fetal wastage?

A

Ultrasonography

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22
Q

Causes of fetal wastage?

A 
Trauma, heat stress
Luteal insufficiency
Viral 
Bacterial 
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia 
Protozoa
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23
Q

Treatment for fetal wastage?

A

Evacuate uterine contents if all puppies/kittens are dead (PGF2a)

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24
Q

In what cases do you more commonly see prolonged gestation?

A

Singleton pregnancy

Medium to large breed dogs

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25
How can you confirm you have a primary uterine interna?
If P4 <2ng/ml | No labour/prolonged gestation
26
Clinical presentation of uterine torsion?
Acute abdomen — pain, distress May be asymptomatic until dystocia Dx- exploratory laparotomy
27
What occurs in the first stage of parturition?
Begins after progesterone drops Removal of “progesterone block” from uterus - myometrial activity begins Increase in oxytocin receptor sites Nesting, anxiety, anorexia, vomiting
28
What occurs in the second stage of parturition?
Active contractions — fetus in pelvic canal stimulates “urge to push” Ferguson reflex — oxytocin release and abdominal contractions Amnion appears first Greatest effort do deliver head Caudal presentation is normal Greenish-black discharge “uteroverdin” (from placental marginal hematoma— accumulation of maternal blood that suppplies fetus with iron supplementation through pregnancy)
29
When should you intervene during parturition?
Active contractions >1hr Rest period > 4 hrs Black thick discharge without a fetus
30
60% of fetuses are born with what presentation?
Cranial longitudinal with front legs extended
31
About 40% of fetuses are born in what presentation?
Caudal longitudinal with hindlimbs extended
32
What breed is predisposed to primary uterine inertia and what is often the cause?
Terriers Hypocalcemia
33
What is secondary uterine inertia? What are causes of this?
When pup obstructs and the uterus tires Often in bulldogs and boston terriers-> broad head and narrow pelvis Poor conformation of pelvis (eg fracture or persistent hymen’s) Strictures Diaphragmatic rupture Obesity Neoplasia
34
What intervention would you do if you determine the pups cannot be delivered naturally?
C section (consider early) Oxytocin if no obstruction present Ca++ if necessary
35
What are the steps for intervention?
No intrapelvic obstruction (diagnose by digital exam, US, rads) —> give 1-2IU of oxytocin If pup within 30mins —> give oxytocin about q30mins until all delivered No pup—> give Ca 10% @ 1cc/30lbs IV with glucose) then oxytocin No pup in 30mins —> C-section
36
What is the third stage of parturition?
Passage of placenta — most passed within 15mins following fetus 2-3pups maybe born before passage of their placenta Retention is rare — consider if purulent discharge occurs postpartum
37
Now many layers are there and what type of placenta does the dog have?
Zonary endotheliochorial placenta 5 layers
38
How many repeat C-sections are possible in an animal over their lifetime?
3-4 procedures if there are no complications How does incision heal, adhesions, serosoal inclusion cysts? Anesthesia ? Body wall healing?
39
What should you expect normally in the postpartum period?
Most of fluid and cellular material is expelled in the first 2 weeks Changes in color- red —> brown No odor Brownish mucoid lochia can be normal for 4-6weeks postpartum
40
When should pups be weaning ?
Start process at 3-4weeks | Complete by 5-8weeks
41
How do you treat newborns that are lacking colostrum?
Pooled serum SQ in pups — 22ml/kg
42
What is the normal temperature for pups in the first 2-3weeks?
Poikilothermic — ambient temp
43
How should you manage temperature for newborn pups?
1-7 days keep temp at 85-90F 8-28 days keep temp at 80F 29+ days 70-75F If babies are cold —> piles
44
How much weight should puppies gain a day? What factors can impact this??
10% of brith weight / day Hypothermia *** Hypoglycemia (starvation) Hypovolemia (dehydration)
45
What do you call inflammation of the uterus?
Metritis (endometrium and myometrium)
46
T/F: you see systemic illness in cases of metritis
True —> fever and depression with purulent vulvar discharge
47
How can you diagnose metritis ?
CBC Vaginal cytology Culture US
48
How would you treat metritis?
PGF2a to evacuate the uterus Oxytocin is less effective >24hrs post whelping
49
What phase of the cycle does pyometra occur?
Diestrus (progesterone phase)
50
What is the pathogenesis of cystitis endometrial hyperplasia?
Estrogens —promote growth inc. vascularity, edema of endometrium —cervical relaxation and dilation —increased P4 receptors Progesterone —stimulates proliferation and secretion of endometrial glands — inhibit myometrial activity —closure of cervix In CEH —> normal down regulation of estrogen receptors with increasing P4 is defective —> prolonged estrogen effects on endometrium and high P4 receptors
51
Most common organism to cause secondary infection in CEH?
E.coli
52
What is the difference between an open and closed pyometra?
Open — less severely ill , copious red- brown, yellowish-green foul smelling vulvar discharge Closed — no discharge, abdominal swelling, systemically ill
53
What usually causes the depression and PU/PD seen in cases of pyometra?
Endotoxemia
54
Treatment of pyometra ?
OHE Medical —PGF2q: lutalyse or estrumate (causes smooth muscle contractions for uterine evacuation) — antimicrobial therapy based on C/S
55
T/F: medical therapy iwth PGF2a can only be used in closed pyometra
FALSE Only open pyometra Can cause uterine rupture in a closed pyometra
56
Side effcts of PGF2a?
Panting, salivation, vomiting, defecation, vocalization (queens)
57
How can you reduce risk for pyometra in breeding bitches?
Breed starting early Don’t miss a cycle Spay when you have obtained all litters desired *pregnancy seems protective of uterine pathology
58
What is this?
Firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva Occurs during for following parturition Rx OHE
59
When does vaginal prolapse usually occur?
When there is high estrogen Proestrus and estrus
60
Type this prolapse Floor and walls of vagina are visible through vulva
Type 2
61
Type this prolapse Entire vaginal circumference protrudes out of the vulva like a doughnut
Type 3
62
Treatment for vaginal prolapse?
Should regress after ovulation Induce ovulation — GnRH or hCG Keep clean and moist E collar Surgical — purse string suture / OHE
63
DDX for tissue protruding from vulva?
``` Prolapse Neoplasia Vaginal hyperplasia Vestibular mass (abscess) Intersex (enlarged clitoris) ```
64
DDX for perineal masses?
``` Tumor Abscess Hematoma Seroma Vaginal leiomyoma ```
65
What do you call enlarged, hot, painful glands | Fever and leukocytosis also present?
Mastitis
66
Common bacteria causing mastitis?
Coliform Staph Strep
67
Treatment for mastitis?
Hot pack and strip abnormal milk (warm cooked cabbage -> anti inflammatory) NSAIDS (carprofen — little goes into milk) Pups on yogurt/probiotics Surgically removed dead/gangrenous gland
68
What is galactorrhea ?
Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy
69
When does galactorrhea usually occur?
In response to decreasing P4 stimulation — 2-3months after estrus — 3-4 after diestrus OHE This is a normal phenomenon of intact bitch as P falls and E2 and prolactin rise
70
Clinical signs of false pregnancy?
Spontaneous development of mammary gland — usually clear, no milk
71
Treatment for false pregnancy?
Usually resolves on its own May last up to 6 weeks R/O pregnancy — relaxin Cabergoline -10day treatment
72
What is the 2nd most common tumor type in dog?
Mammary neoplasia 1st are skin tumors
73
If spayed before the first estrus cycle, the risk for mammary tumors in dogs is ___%, after the first cycle, risk is at __%
0.5; 8
74
T/F: metastasis is common in canine mammary tumors
True
75
Treatment for canine mammary tumors?
ALWAYS recommend surgery — wide margins —only 50% are completely removed OHE may or may not increase survivialtime Chemotherapy adjunct
76
Clinical signs of eclampsia?
``` Panting Pacing Muscle tremors — trembling Ataxia Hyperthermia Tonic-clonic convulsions Death ```
77
Treatment of hypocalcemia?
IV Ca gluconate to effect Oral supplements for maintenance Weaning — if pups old enough
78
Clinical signs of subinvolution of placental sites ?
Persistent uterine bleeding Gross lesions or erosions in endometrium Histologically — mutlinuclear giant cells

RUSVM Therio (20 decks)

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