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RUSVM Therio > Infectous Infertility And Abortion > Flashcards

Infectous Infertility And Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

What do call fetal death before 8 weeks of age?

A

Early embryonic death

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2
Q

What do you call fetal death between 42-260days of gestation?

A

Abortion

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3
Q

What do you call fetal death that occurs at more than 260 days of gestation?

A

Still birth

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4
Q

What tissues are usually submitted in cases of abortion??

A 
Placenta, fetus, maternal blood (clean with saline and chill) 
Whole calf (best)

PM samples

  • stomach and abomasal contents
  • heart blood or fluid from body cavity
  • lung
  • liver
  • kidney
  • spleen
  • brain
  • skeletal muscle
  • placenta
  • maternal urine
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5
Q

You go to a farm and cows are aborting fetuses in their last trimester. Some of these cows are sick or have been sick in the past. What is your top DDX?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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6
Q

If you have listeria infecting cattle, how would you advise the farmer to change his management?

A

Found in rotting hay or improperly stored silage

Keep hay dry and properly store silage

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7
Q

Pathogenesis of listeria?

A

Ingestion —> replication in monocytes-mac —> placenta —> placentitis and fetal septicemia —> abortion

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8
Q

You suspect listeria is causing recent outbreaks of abortion in your cattle. What samples do you collect to try to isolate this?

A

Fetal tissues

Placenta

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9
Q

Treatment of listeria?

A

Cow usually recovers

Prevent
Proper feed storage and clean around old, wet hay rings
Do not feed rotten material to preggers animals

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10
Q

T/F: leptospirosis is zoonotic

A

True

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of leptospirosis?

A

Incubation 4-10days

Bacteremia follows and then localized and persists in renal tubules

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12
Q

Clinical signs of lepto?

A

Often none

Hemolytic anemia
Hepato/renal disease
Abortion
Photosensitization

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13
Q

Transmission of lepto?

A 
URINE 
Placental fluids
Milk 
Transplacental 
Semen

Can survive in wet environment for up to 30 days
Can penetrate abraded MM
Persists in renal tubules

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14
Q

Diagnosis of lepto?

A

Clinical history — infertility, abortion

Organism is difficult to culture 
Dark field microscopy 
Fluorescent antibody 
- fetal kidney
-maternal urine - after furosemide admin
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15
Q

Treatment of lepto?

A

Limit exposure to wildlife, pigs, and rodents

Vaccinate
— multivalent protects from non-host adapted
—monovalent for host adapted
—can vaccinate in outbreak and give tetracycline

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16
Q

What type of bacteria is Brucella abortus?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus — intracellular

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17
Q

T/F: brucella abortus if zoonotic?

A

True

Causes undulant fever

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18
Q

Transmission of brucella?

A

Via mucus membranes
Bulls are carriers

Travels to lymph nodes —> bacteriemia —> udders —> rep in chorioallantoic trophoblast —> fetal bacteremia and chorioallantoic necrosis —> abortion

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19
Q

Clinical signs of brucella abortus?

A

Abortion — frequently after 5months of gestation

Retained fetal membrane and metritis follow

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20
Q

How can you diagnose brucella?

A

Placentitis — intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, and cracked (Moroccan leather)

Can be isolated from ..
fetal lung or abdomasum
Uterine tissue
Placenta

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21
Q

Treatment and control of brucella?

A

REPORTABLE

No treatment for positives

Vaccination “bangs vaccine” of heifers (at 4-12months)
Routine serologic testing -> RB51 antibodies to not interfere with testing

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22
Q

How are cattle marked for vaccination against brucella?

A

Tattoo and ear tag in right ear

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23
Q

What two organisms are found in the normal female reproductive tract but can cause a granular vulvovaginitis or salpingitis?

A

Mycoplasma or ureaplasma

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24
Q

What is a gram negative microaerophilic rod, comma shaped that is an obligate parasite of the genitalia of bovine?

A

Campylobacter foetus veneralis

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25
Q

What two bacteria can affect the GI tract of a cow, and can cause sporadic abortion in cattle, but are not transmitted venereal?

A

C, fetus fetus

C. Fetus jejuni

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26
Q

Transmission of C. Foetus veneralis?

A

Coitus —> colonize vagina and cervix -> uterus and oviducts —> infection —> EED

Fomites

27
Q

Primary clinical sign associated with C foetus veneralis?

A

Delayed return to estrus

28
Q

Diangosis of C foetus veneralis ?

A

Clarks media

  • preputial scraping
  • vaginal mucus
  • fetal abdomasum contents and placenta
29
Q

Treatment and control of C foetus veneralis?

A

Cull bulls
Cow usually clears in 3-6months

AI with campy negative bulls
Vaccinate before breeding season
- 2 infections 2-4weeks apart, last vaccine should be given 2 weeks before breeding season
-annual booster

30
Q

Which two protozoa cause abortion in cows?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

Neospora caninum

31
Q

Appearance of tritrichomonas?

A

Flagellated
- 3 anterior and 1posterior

Pyriform shape

32
Q

Where does tritrichomonas foetus hang out in the repro tract?

A

Preputial crypts of older bulls

Vagina or uterus

33
Q

Transmission of tritrichomonas?

A

Coitus

Doesn’t prevent conception
Causes EED

Bulls are primary reservoirs

34
Q

How do you diagnose tritrichomonas?

A

Herd history

  • reverse stair step
  • gradual increase in herd infertility
  • conception is apparent but then returns to heat at 60-90 days post service
Prolonged estrus interval 
Early abortion (rarely past 150days) 
Postcoital pyometra

Fetal fluids, uterine contest, vaginal mucus
Preputial wash
—> samples in Diamonds media or In pouch

35
Q

Treatment of tritrichomonas ?

A

Use only culture neg bulls or bulls less than 4yrs old

Test and cull positive bulls

Use AI

Sexual rest for cows for minimum of 3 cycles then breed to uninflected bulls

Quarantine and divide herd
Vaccine — shorten recovery interval (doesnt prevent dz)

36
Q

Transmission of neospora caninum?

A

Dogs is definitive host
-injection of dog/coyote feces

Vertical transmission
No clinical dz in dam

37
Q

Clincial signs of neospora caninum?

A

Abortion in 3rd trimester
Cow NOT ill

Fetus appears autolysed

38
Q

Diagnosis of neospora caninum?

A

IHC on fetal tissues and placenta

Serology — most positive cows pass dz to offspring

39
Q

Prevention and control of neospora?

A

Disrupt prey-predator life cycle

Dispose carcasses/placenta quickly

Store and serve feed water to prevent fecal contamination

Select neg replacement heifers

40
Q

Viral infections causing infertility?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

bovine viral diarrhea

Bluetongue

41
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by what virus?

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1

42
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America ?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

43
Q

Transmission of IBR?

A

Venereal

  • coitus
  • instruments
  • semen

Systemic

  • contracted from mm
  • virus shed in: aborted fetuses /respiratory
44
Q

Clinical signs of IBR?

A

Systemic

  • fetal infection causes abortion
  • respiratory signs in cow +/-
  • MLV can cause abortions

Venereal
-pustules, nodules, ulcers, erosions on vulva and penis

45
Q

How is diagnosis of IBR done?

A

Lesions are suggestive
—fetus is autolysed with necrosis of liver and other organs

IHC— intranuclear inclusion bodies

FA

46
Q

Treatment of IBR?

A

Venereal — lesions spontaneously resolve in 1-2weeks

Control and prevention
—biosecurity
—vaccination
—AI - negative semen

47
Q

What type of virus is Bovine viral diarrhea virus?

A

Single stranded envelope

Exists as different genotypes

48
Q

Transmission of IBD?

A

Persistently infected calves ** most common source of BVD spread**

Variety of calf disease manifests subject to time of gestational exposure

49
Q

What are the variety of manifestations seen due to BVDV?

A

Abortion

Congenital defect (eg cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis)

Normal or abnormal; seropositive

Resorption, Stillbirth, PI

EED

Immunocompeence

50
Q

Where are high numbers of BVDV shed from in persistently infected calves?

A 
Tears 
Feces 
Saliva 
Urine 
Semen 
Milk
51
Q

When are persistently infected calves usually infected with BVDV?

A

In utero, prior to 120/150days

52
Q

Clinical characteristics of a persistently infected calve iwth BVV?

A

Ill thrift
Intermittent diarrhea
Chronic resp disease

Most down show clinical signs

53
Q

How can you confirm diagnosis of BVDV?

A

Virus neutralization negative tests 14days apart

Virus isolation positive for 14 days or longer

54
Q

What are the impacts of BVD on reproduction and production?

A

Decreased conception rate
Abortion/still born
Weak calves
Ovarian pathology

Decreased weight of gain
Respiratory
Decreased immune status
Decreased milk

55
Q

What is the gold standard for BVD diagnosis?

A

Virus isolation $$

  • Buffy coat, serum, tissue
  • maternal antibodies interfere
56
Q

What sample do you take to diagnose BVD by immunohistochemistry?

A

Ear notch

Maternal antibodies does NOT interfere

57
Q

How can you control BDV?

A

Closed herd
Don’t buy from stockyard
Quarantine and test new entries —bulls, calves, mamma cow, offspring

Vaccines

Implement BVDV control strategy

Detection and elimination of PI animals

58
Q

How is bluetongue transmitted?

A

Cullicoides

59
Q

T/F: bluetongue more commonly caused teratogenesis rather than abortion

A

True

—eg cerebral malformation, weak calves, stillborn

60
Q

What is the only vaccine available for bluetongue virus?

A

modified live vaccine

61
Q

Most common cause of fungal abortion in cows?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

62
Q

Transmission of aspergillus?

A

Propagated in winter/spring during increased confinement

Ingestion —> hematogenous spread -> placentitis —> abortion

63
Q

Lesions caused by aspergillus?

A

Necrosis of cotyledons and thickening of intercotyledonary space

Mycotic plaques on skin (looks like ringworm)

RUSVM Therio (20 decks)

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