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Infectous Infertility And Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

What do call fetal death before 8 weeks of age?

A

Early embryonic death

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2
Q

What do you call fetal death between 42-260days of gestation?

A

Abortion

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3
Q

What do you call fetal death that occurs at more than 260 days of gestation?

A

Still birth

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4
Q

What tissues are usually submitted in cases of abortion??

A 
Placenta, fetus, maternal blood (clean with saline and chill) 
Whole calf (best)

PM samples

  • stomach and abomasal contents
  • heart blood or fluid from body cavity
  • lung
  • liver
  • kidney
  • spleen
  • brain
  • skeletal muscle
  • placenta
  • maternal urine
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5
Q

You go to a farm and cows are aborting fetuses in their last trimester. Some of these cows are sick or have been sick in the past. What is your top DDX?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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6
Q

If you have listeria infecting cattle, how would you advise the farmer to change his management?

A

Found in rotting hay or improperly stored silage

Keep hay dry and properly store silage

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7
Q

Pathogenesis of listeria?

A

Ingestion —> replication in monocytes-mac —> placenta —> placentitis and fetal septicemia —> abortion

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8
Q

You suspect listeria is causing recent outbreaks of abortion in your cattle. What samples do you collect to try to isolate this?

A

Fetal tissues

Placenta

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9
Q

Treatment of listeria?

A

Cow usually recovers

Prevent
Proper feed storage and clean around old, wet hay rings
Do not feed rotten material to preggers animals

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10
Q

T/F: leptospirosis is zoonotic

A

True

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of leptospirosis?

A

Incubation 4-10days

Bacteremia follows and then localized and persists in renal tubules

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12
Q

Clinical signs of lepto?

A

Often none

Hemolytic anemia
Hepato/renal disease
Abortion
Photosensitization

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13
Q

Transmission of lepto?

A 
URINE 
Placental fluids
Milk 
Transplacental 
Semen

Can survive in wet environment for up to 30 days
Can penetrate abraded MM
Persists in renal tubules

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14
Q

Diagnosis of lepto?

A

Clinical history — infertility, abortion

Organism is difficult to culture 
Dark field microscopy 
Fluorescent antibody 
- fetal kidney
-maternal urine - after furosemide admin
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15
Q

Treatment of lepto?

A

Limit exposure to wildlife, pigs, and rodents

Vaccinate
— multivalent protects from non-host adapted
—monovalent for host adapted
—can vaccinate in outbreak and give tetracycline

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16
Q

What type of bacteria is Brucella abortus?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus — intracellular

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17
Q

T/F: brucella abortus if zoonotic?

A

True

Causes undulant fever

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18
Q

Transmission of brucella?

A

Via mucus membranes
Bulls are carriers

Travels to lymph nodes —> bacteriemia —> udders —> rep in chorioallantoic trophoblast —> fetal bacteremia and chorioallantoic necrosis —> abortion

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19
Q

Clinical signs of brucella abortus?

A

Abortion — frequently after 5months of gestation

Retained fetal membrane and metritis follow

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20
Q

How can you diagnose brucella?

A

Placentitis — intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, and cracked (Moroccan leather)

Can be isolated from ..
fetal lung or abdomasum
Uterine tissue
Placenta

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21
Q

Treatment and control of brucella?

A

REPORTABLE

No treatment for positives

Vaccination “bangs vaccine” of heifers (at 4-12months)
Routine serologic testing -> RB51 antibodies to not interfere with testing

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22
Q

How are cattle marked for vaccination against brucella?

A

Tattoo and ear tag in right ear

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23
Q

What two organisms are found in the normal female reproductive tract but can cause a granular vulvovaginitis or salpingitis?

A

Mycoplasma or ureaplasma

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24
Q

What is a gram negative microaerophilic rod, comma shaped that is an obligate parasite of the genitalia of bovine?

A

Campylobacter foetus veneralis

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25
What two bacteria can affect the GI tract of a cow, and can cause sporadic abortion in cattle, but are not transmitted venereal?
C, fetus fetus | C. Fetus jejuni
26
Transmission of C. Foetus veneralis?
Coitus —> colonize vagina and cervix -> uterus and oviducts —> infection —> EED Fomites
27
Primary clinical sign associated with C foetus veneralis?
Delayed return to estrus
28
Diangosis of C foetus veneralis ?
Clarks media - preputial scraping - vaginal mucus - fetal abdomasum contents and placenta
29
Treatment and control of C foetus veneralis?
Cull bulls Cow usually clears in 3-6months AI with campy negative bulls Vaccinate before breeding season - 2 infections 2-4weeks apart, last vaccine should be given 2 weeks before breeding season -annual booster
30
Which two protozoa cause abortion in cows?
Tritrichomonas foetus | Neospora caninum
31
Appearance of tritrichomonas?
Flagellated - 3 anterior and 1posterior Pyriform shape
32
Where does tritrichomonas foetus hang out in the repro tract?
Preputial crypts of older bulls Vagina or uterus
33
Transmission of tritrichomonas?
Coitus Doesn’t prevent conception Causes EED Bulls are primary reservoirs
34
How do you diagnose tritrichomonas?
Herd history - reverse stair step - gradual increase in herd infertility - conception is apparent but then returns to heat at 60-90 days post service ``` Prolonged estrus interval Early abortion (rarely past 150days) Postcoital pyometra ``` Fetal fluids, uterine contest, vaginal mucus Preputial wash —> samples in Diamonds media or In pouch
35
Treatment of tritrichomonas ?
Use only culture neg bulls or bulls less than 4yrs old Test and cull positive bulls Use AI Sexual rest for cows for minimum of 3 cycles then breed to uninflected bulls Quarantine and divide herd Vaccine — shorten recovery interval (doesnt prevent dz)
36
Transmission of neospora caninum?
Dogs is definitive host -injection of dog/coyote feces Vertical transmission No clinical dz in dam
37
Clincial signs of neospora caninum?
Abortion in 3rd trimester Cow NOT ill Fetus appears autolysed
38
Diagnosis of neospora caninum?
IHC on fetal tissues and placenta | Serology — most positive cows pass dz to offspring
39
Prevention and control of neospora?
Disrupt prey-predator life cycle Dispose carcasses/placenta quickly Store and serve feed water to prevent fecal contamination Select neg replacement heifers
40
Viral infections causing infertility?
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis bovine viral diarrhea Bluetongue
41
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by what virus?
Bovine herpesvirus 1
42
What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America ?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
43
Transmission of IBR?
Venereal - coitus - instruments - semen Systemic - contracted from mm - virus shed in: aborted fetuses /respiratory
44
Clinical signs of IBR?
Systemic - fetal infection causes abortion - respiratory signs in cow +/- - MLV can cause abortions Venereal -pustules, nodules, ulcers, erosions on vulva and penis
45
How is diagnosis of IBR done?
Lesions are suggestive —fetus is autolysed with necrosis of liver and other organs IHC— intranuclear inclusion bodies FA
46
Treatment of IBR?
Venereal — lesions spontaneously resolve in 1-2weeks Control and prevention —biosecurity —vaccination —AI - negative semen
47
What type of virus is Bovine viral diarrhea virus?
Single stranded envelope | Exists as different genotypes
48
Transmission of IBD?
Persistently infected calves ** most common source of BVD spread** Variety of calf disease manifests subject to time of gestational exposure
49
What are the variety of manifestations seen due to BVDV?
Abortion Congenital defect (eg cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis) Normal or abnormal; seropositive Resorption, Stillbirth, PI EED Immunocompeence
50
Where are high numbers of BVDV shed from in persistently infected calves?
``` Tears Feces Saliva Urine Semen Milk ```
51
When are persistently infected calves usually infected with BVDV?
In utero, prior to 120/150days
52
Clinical characteristics of a persistently infected calve iwth BVV?
Ill thrift Intermittent diarrhea Chronic resp disease Most down show clinical signs
53
How can you confirm diagnosis of BVDV?
Virus neutralization negative tests 14days apart Virus isolation positive for 14 days or longer
54
What are the impacts of BVD on reproduction and production?
Decreased conception rate Abortion/still born Weak calves Ovarian pathology Decreased weight of gain Respiratory Decreased immune status Decreased milk
55
What is the gold standard for BVD diagnosis?
Virus isolation $$ - Buffy coat, serum, tissue - maternal antibodies interfere
56
What sample do you take to diagnose BVD by immunohistochemistry?
Ear notch Maternal antibodies does NOT interfere
57
How can you control BDV?
Closed herd Don’t buy from stockyard Quarantine and test new entries —bulls, calves, mamma cow, offspring Vaccines Implement BVDV control strategy Detection and elimination of PI animals
58
How is bluetongue transmitted?
Cullicoides
59
T/F: bluetongue more commonly caused teratogenesis rather than abortion
True —eg cerebral malformation, weak calves, stillborn
60
What is the only vaccine available for bluetongue virus?
modified live vaccine
61
Most common cause of fungal abortion in cows?
Aspergillus fumigatus
62
Transmission of aspergillus?
Propagated in winter/spring during increased confinement Ingestion —> hematogenous spread -> placentitis —> abortion
63
Lesions caused by aspergillus?
Necrosis of cotyledons and thickening of intercotyledonary space Mycotic plaques on skin (looks like ringworm)

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