Infectous Infertility And Abortion Flashcards
What do call fetal death before 8 weeks of age?
Early embryonic death
What do you call fetal death between 42-260days of gestation?
Abortion
What do you call fetal death that occurs at more than 260 days of gestation?
Still birth
What tissues are usually submitted in cases of abortion??
Placenta, fetus, maternal blood (clean with saline and chill) Whole calf (best)
PM samples
- stomach and abomasal contents
- heart blood or fluid from body cavity
- lung
- liver
- kidney
- spleen
- brain
- skeletal muscle
- placenta
- maternal urine
You go to a farm and cows are aborting fetuses in their last trimester. Some of these cows are sick or have been sick in the past. What is your top DDX?
Listeria monocytogenes
If you have listeria infecting cattle, how would you advise the farmer to change his management?
Found in rotting hay or improperly stored silage
Keep hay dry and properly store silage
Pathogenesis of listeria?
Ingestion —> replication in monocytes-mac —> placenta —> placentitis and fetal septicemia —> abortion
You suspect listeria is causing recent outbreaks of abortion in your cattle. What samples do you collect to try to isolate this?
Fetal tissues
Placenta
Treatment of listeria?
Cow usually recovers
Prevent
Proper feed storage and clean around old, wet hay rings
Do not feed rotten material to preggers animals
T/F: leptospirosis is zoonotic
True
Pathogenesis of leptospirosis?
Incubation 4-10days
Bacteremia follows and then localized and persists in renal tubules
Clinical signs of lepto?
Often none
Hemolytic anemia
Hepato/renal disease
Abortion
Photosensitization
Transmission of lepto?
URINE Placental fluids Milk Transplacental Semen
Can survive in wet environment for up to 30 days
Can penetrate abraded MM
Persists in renal tubules
Diagnosis of lepto?
Clinical history — infertility, abortion
Organism is difficult to culture Dark field microscopy Fluorescent antibody - fetal kidney -maternal urine - after furosemide admin
Treatment of lepto?
Limit exposure to wildlife, pigs, and rodents
Vaccinate
— multivalent protects from non-host adapted
—monovalent for host adapted
—can vaccinate in outbreak and give tetracycline
What type of bacteria is Brucella abortus?
Gram negative coccobacillus — intracellular
T/F: brucella abortus if zoonotic?
True
Causes undulant fever
Transmission of brucella?
Via mucus membranes
Bulls are carriers
Travels to lymph nodes —> bacteriemia —> udders —> rep in chorioallantoic trophoblast —> fetal bacteremia and chorioallantoic necrosis —> abortion
Clinical signs of brucella abortus?
Abortion — frequently after 5months of gestation
Retained fetal membrane and metritis follow
How can you diagnose brucella?
Placentitis — intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, and cracked (Moroccan leather)
Can be isolated from ..
fetal lung or abdomasum
Uterine tissue
Placenta
Treatment and control of brucella?
REPORTABLE
No treatment for positives
Vaccination “bangs vaccine” of heifers (at 4-12months)
Routine serologic testing -> RB51 antibodies to not interfere with testing
How are cattle marked for vaccination against brucella?
Tattoo and ear tag in right ear
What two organisms are found in the normal female reproductive tract but can cause a granular vulvovaginitis or salpingitis?
Mycoplasma or ureaplasma
What is a gram negative microaerophilic rod, comma shaped that is an obligate parasite of the genitalia of bovine?
Campylobacter foetus veneralis
What two bacteria can affect the GI tract of a cow, and can cause sporadic abortion in cattle, but are not transmitted venereal?
C, fetus fetus
C. Fetus jejuni
Transmission of C. Foetus veneralis?
Coitus —> colonize vagina and cervix -> uterus and oviducts —> infection —> EED
Fomites
Primary clinical sign associated with C foetus veneralis?
Delayed return to estrus
Diangosis of C foetus veneralis ?
Clarks media
- preputial scraping
- vaginal mucus
- fetal abdomasum contents and placenta
Treatment and control of C foetus veneralis?
Cull bulls
Cow usually clears in 3-6months
AI with campy negative bulls
Vaccinate before breeding season
- 2 infections 2-4weeks apart, last vaccine should be given 2 weeks before breeding season
-annual booster
Which two protozoa cause abortion in cows?
Tritrichomonas foetus
Neospora caninum
Appearance of tritrichomonas?
Flagellated
- 3 anterior and 1posterior
Pyriform shape
Where does tritrichomonas foetus hang out in the repro tract?
Preputial crypts of older bulls
Vagina or uterus
Transmission of tritrichomonas?
Coitus
Doesn’t prevent conception
Causes EED
Bulls are primary reservoirs
How do you diagnose tritrichomonas?
Herd history
- reverse stair step
- gradual increase in herd infertility
- conception is apparent but then returns to heat at 60-90 days post service
Prolonged estrus interval Early abortion (rarely past 150days) Postcoital pyometra
Fetal fluids, uterine contest, vaginal mucus
Preputial wash
—> samples in Diamonds media or In pouch
Treatment of tritrichomonas ?
Use only culture neg bulls or bulls less than 4yrs old
Test and cull positive bulls
Use AI
Sexual rest for cows for minimum of 3 cycles then breed to uninflected bulls
Quarantine and divide herd
Vaccine — shorten recovery interval (doesnt prevent dz)
Transmission of neospora caninum?
Dogs is definitive host
-injection of dog/coyote feces
Vertical transmission
No clinical dz in dam
Clincial signs of neospora caninum?
Abortion in 3rd trimester
Cow NOT ill
Fetus appears autolysed
Diagnosis of neospora caninum?
IHC on fetal tissues and placenta
Serology — most positive cows pass dz to offspring
Prevention and control of neospora?
Disrupt prey-predator life cycle
Dispose carcasses/placenta quickly
Store and serve feed water to prevent fecal contamination
Select neg replacement heifers
Viral infections causing infertility?
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
bovine viral diarrhea
Bluetongue
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is caused by what virus?
Bovine herpesvirus 1
What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America ?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Transmission of IBR?
Venereal
- coitus
- instruments
- semen
Systemic
- contracted from mm
- virus shed in: aborted fetuses /respiratory
Clinical signs of IBR?
Systemic
- fetal infection causes abortion
- respiratory signs in cow +/-
- MLV can cause abortions
Venereal
-pustules, nodules, ulcers, erosions on vulva and penis
How is diagnosis of IBR done?
Lesions are suggestive
—fetus is autolysed with necrosis of liver and other organs
IHC— intranuclear inclusion bodies
FA
Treatment of IBR?
Venereal — lesions spontaneously resolve in 1-2weeks
Control and prevention
—biosecurity
—vaccination
—AI - negative semen
What type of virus is Bovine viral diarrhea virus?
Single stranded envelope
Exists as different genotypes
Transmission of IBD?
Persistently infected calves ** most common source of BVD spread**
Variety of calf disease manifests subject to time of gestational exposure
What are the variety of manifestations seen due to BVDV?
Abortion
Congenital defect (eg cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis)
Normal or abnormal; seropositive
Resorption, Stillbirth, PI
EED
Immunocompeence
Where are high numbers of BVDV shed from in persistently infected calves?
Tears Feces Saliva Urine Semen Milk
When are persistently infected calves usually infected with BVDV?
In utero, prior to 120/150days
Clinical characteristics of a persistently infected calve iwth BVV?
Ill thrift
Intermittent diarrhea
Chronic resp disease
Most down show clinical signs
How can you confirm diagnosis of BVDV?
Virus neutralization negative tests 14days apart
Virus isolation positive for 14 days or longer
What are the impacts of BVD on reproduction and production?
Decreased conception rate
Abortion/still born
Weak calves
Ovarian pathology
Decreased weight of gain
Respiratory
Decreased immune status
Decreased milk
What is the gold standard for BVD diagnosis?
Virus isolation $$
- Buffy coat, serum, tissue
- maternal antibodies interfere
What sample do you take to diagnose BVD by immunohistochemistry?
Ear notch
Maternal antibodies does NOT interfere
How can you control BDV?
Closed herd
Don’t buy from stockyard
Quarantine and test new entries —bulls, calves, mamma cow, offspring
Vaccines
Implement BVDV control strategy
Detection and elimination of PI animals
How is bluetongue transmitted?
Cullicoides
T/F: bluetongue more commonly caused teratogenesis rather than abortion
True
—eg cerebral malformation, weak calves, stillborn
What is the only vaccine available for bluetongue virus?
modified live vaccine
Most common cause of fungal abortion in cows?
Aspergillus fumigatus
Transmission of aspergillus?
Propagated in winter/spring during increased confinement
Ingestion —> hematogenous spread -> placentitis —> abortion
Lesions caused by aspergillus?
Necrosis of cotyledons and thickening of intercotyledonary space
Mycotic plaques on skin (looks like ringworm)
