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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Reproductive System + Pregnancy > Flashcards

Reproductive System + Pregnancy Flashcards

0
Q

What do the differences in gender roles affect

A

Behavior, anatomy, physiology between sexes

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1
Q

Describe the reproductive system

A

Non-essential for survival of individual, however a sensual, for survival of species. Evolution of sexual behavior reflects importance of reproduction.

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2
Q

What are the purpose of the reproductive system

A

Produce and transport gametes to females which is the site of embryonic development. Produce hormones that cause sexual maturation, gamete production, stimulate ovulation, Gestation, lactation. Nourish developing offspring.

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3
Q

Describe chromosomes in relation to the reproductive system

A

Animals have diploid number of chromosomes in their somatic cells. 2N. Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes one for mother and one from father. Chromosome pairs are genetically different but code for the same genes.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do cats have

A

38

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5
Q

How Many chromosomes to humans have

A

46

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do dogs have

A

78

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7
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes that determine the gender

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8
Q

Who is the Homogametic sex

A

female

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9
Q

What is the name for a sex cell

A

Gamete

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10
Q

Are gametes diploid or haploid

A

Haploid

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11
Q

How are gametes formed

A

Formed by the process of meiosis. 2N to N

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12
Q

What do sex cells contain

A

Half the genetic material of somatic cells

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13
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

The formation of spermatozoa

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14
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The formation of ova

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15
Q

Why are gametes genetically different from each other

A

Due to independent assortment and crossing over

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16
Q

When does independent assortment occur

A

Metaphase one

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17
Q

When does the crossing over occur

A

Prophase one

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18
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

The formation of spermatozoa

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19
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

In the seminiferous tubule’s

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20
Q

Each spermatogonium produces how many sperm

A

4

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21
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The formation of ova

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22
Q

Where does oogenesis occur

A

In the follicles of the ovaries

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23
Q

at what point does Oogenesis stop until estrus

A

Prophase one

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24
Q

How many ova does each oogonium produce

A

One.

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25
Q

How do the polar bodies form for the ovum

A

Uneven cytokinesis

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26
Q

What are the three male reproductive system functions

A

Make male sex hormones called androgens. Make spermatozoa. Deliver spermatozoa to female

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27
Q

Describe the testes

A

Paired oval structures located in external caudal sacs called the scrotum in the inguinal region

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28
Q

Describe the skin of the scrotum

A

Scrotum is thin and lacks subcutaneous fat. Has sweat glands. Alopecic but not at all species

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29
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do and what is it in response to

A

It pulls the testicles cranially. It is in response to temperature

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30
Q

Where did the testicles develop. And when do they decend

A

The testicles develop in the cranial abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth.

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31
Q

What is the gubernaculum

A

Embryonic structure of connective tissue that pulls testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. May be confused with testes in cryptorchid NeoNates.

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32
Q

What is the scrotal ligament or gubernaculum testes

A

Secure testes to caudle end of scrotum which restricts the movement in the sac.

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33
Q

Describe cryptorchidism

A

Can be unilateral or bilateral. Neutering recommended. Often hereditary thus not suitable to use as breeders. Prone to testicular torsion and cancer.

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34
Q

If you have a bilaterally cryptorchid Kat what is the potential

A

The potential is for torsion of the spermatic cord which is the blood vessels and vas deferens in abdomen.

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35
Q

Can testicular torsion occur in normally descended males. And what does the patient presents with.

A

Yes it can occur but it is rare. Present with extreme abdominal pain. Tissue death of testes if restricted bloodflow. Can be fatal

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36
Q

What do the Leydig cells produce

A

Testosterone

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37
Q

What do the seminiferous tubule’s produce

A

Spermatozoa

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38
Q

What are the leydig cells influenced by

A

LC SH

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39
Q

What are the functions of Sertoli cells

A

Have FSH receptors which control spermatogenesis and make some estrogen. Also support meiotic cells physically And nutritionally as they develop into spermatozoa. Protect sperm from immune system

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40
Q

Describe Sertoli cell tumors

A

Form of testicular cancer. More common in older dogs and cats. Affects only intact males and more common in cryptorchid than those with decended testes

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41
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sertoli cell tumors

A

Feminization of animal due to increased estrogen production, alopecia. Mammary gland growth, atrophy of penis, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males,squatting to urinate

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42
Q

What is the treatment for Sertoli cell tumors

A

Castration and chemotherapy if it metastasized

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43
Q

What are testicular tumors do too

A

Neoplasia of Laidig or Sertoli cells

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44
Q

Describe Laidig cell tumors

A

Rare. Remain benign. No obvious symptoms other than testicular tumor.

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45
Q

What is the protective testicular capsule of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tunica p

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46
Q

What divides the testes into lobes of seminiferous tubule’s

A

The septa

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47
Q

Describe the epididymis

A

Long convoluted tubule connecting efferent ducts of testes to the ductus deferens which is the site of storage and maturation of spermatozoa.

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48
Q

What is the ductus deferens

A

Part of the spermatic cord. Paired tubes composed of smooth muscle and columnar epithelium (simple or ciliated pseudostratified). Propels sperm out through the uterus.

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49
Q

What is the ampulla

A

Enlargement of vas deferens prior to joining the urethra. Not present in all species. Glandular in some. Contributes to semen.

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50
Q

describe the spermatic cord

A

Compose the vas deferens, lymphatic and blood vessels, nerves, muscles. Sheathed in connective tissue. Countercurrent heat exchange mechanism between network of veins and the testicular artery. Reduces heat loss from body core to keep testicles cooler.

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51
Q

What are the vaginal tunics

A

Two layers of connective tissue surrounding each testy. Derived from peritoneum during development.

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52
Q

What is the visceral vaginal tunic

A

Thin, transparent, covers testes. Derived from visceral peritoneum which is Serous tissue covering testes when they’re developing in the abdominal cavity.

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53
Q

What is the parietal vaginal tunic

A

Fibers soccer around testes and cord. Derived from parietal peritoneum

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54
Q

What are considered the male accessory reproductive glands

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the accessory reproductive glands in males

A

Contribute fluid and substances to the sperm to form semen.
Alkaline substances to neutralize acidity of the female reproductive track,
fructose, electrolytes for energy and metabolic processes,
prostaglandins to stimulate contractions of female reproductive tract.

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56
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Very common in uncastrated dogs 60% at five years old, 95% at nine years old. Hormonal problem due to androgen and estrogen ratio.

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57
Q

What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Difficulty in defecation, urination, hematuria

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58
Q

Castration

A

How do you treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

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59
Q

What are the functions of the urethra

A

Dual function. Carry urine and semen. During ejaculation sphincter closes off urine from the bladder

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60
Q

What tissue type is the urethra composed of

A

Transitional and stratified squamous epithelium

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61
Q

What are the two portions of their urethra

A

Pelvic urethra. Penile urethra

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62
Q

Describe the penis

A

Urethra passes through to deliver urine and semen

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63
Q

Describe the route of the penis

A

The base, connected to pelvis by connective tissue and muscle.

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64
Q

Describe the body of the penis

A

Composed of erectile connective tissue that fills with blood

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65
Q

Describe the glans of the penis

A

The tip of the penis, highly sensitive, shape varies among species.

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66
Q

What is the skin that covers the tip of the nonerect penis

A

Prepuce

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67
Q

Describe the erectile tissue in the body of the penis

A

Sinuses with fibrous connective tissue filled with blood upon stimulation. Blood flow in is greater than blood flow out equals direction. Veins are compressed

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68
Q

What is the os penis

A

Bone in the body of the penis dorsal to urethra

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69
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands

A

Become slowly enlarged during erection and tie the pair together even after ejaculation for several minutes

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70
Q

What is the sigmoid flexure in ruminants

A

S shaped curvature of non-erect penis. Held in Fletcher by retractor penis muscle. During erection penis straightens rather than enlarges

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71
Q

Why do we collect semen

A

For purpose of artificial insemination, for evaluating sperm quality witches shape motility and density.

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72
Q

How do we collect semen

A

Manual expression, artificial vagina, electroejaculation

73
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system

A

Make female sex hormones, make ova, receive sperm from male, nurtured developing embryos, care for offspring after birth

74
Q

How are the reproductive structures held in place

A

Peritoneal sheets of mesentery suspend the reproductive structures. Called broad ligaments

75
Q

What is the suspensatory ligament

A

Suspends ovaries from body wall

76
Q

What is the round ligament

A

Connects uterine horn to inguinal ring

77
Q

What is the ovarian ligament

A

Canex the ovary to the uterus and horn

78
Q

What do you have to ligate during the ovariohysterectomy before cutting the ligaments and removing the organs

A

The ovarian pedicle

79
Q

Describe the ovaries

A

Paired organs in the abdominal cavity near kidneys. Size and shape varies among species. Site of oogenesis
Produce hormones

80
Q

Where is estrogen made. What is its purpose

A

Estrogen is made by the developing follicle cells of Oocytes. Prepares female for breeding

81
Q

Where is progesterone made. What is it for

A

Purge estrone is made by the corpus luteum. Prepares uterine lining for implementation and maintains uterine lining if implanted.

82
Q

What do the oviducts consist of

A

The fallopian tubes and the uterine tubes

83
Q

Describe the Oviducts

A

Paired, convoluted tubes extending cranially from uterus to ovaries. Not attached to ovaries.

84
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

Funnel shaped opening at distal end of uterus

85
Q

What do the fimbrae do

A

Catch ovum after ovulation

86
Q

What are the oviducts composed of

A

Smooth muscle, ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium

87
Q

What is the function of the oviduct

A

Transport egg to uterus. Site of fertilization

88
Q

Describe the uterus

A

Muscular, thick walled Organ that’s Y shaped and many uterine horns. Site of embryonic development. Forms part of the placenta along with the embryo

89
Q

Describe the cervix

A

Thick muscular sphincter that separates uterus body from vagina. Normally closed except during estrus and parturition.

90
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium: visceral peritoneum serous tissue.
Myometrium: layers of smooth muscle. Endometrium: similar columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands, blood vessels.

91
Q

What is the function of the uterus

A

Secrete mucus, nutrients for developing embryo

92
Q

What is pyometra

A

Infection in the uterus

93
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Mucosal lined elastic tube of smooth muscle which receives penis and sperm and extends from cervix to Volvo

94
Q

Describe the Vulva

A

External opening to female reproductive tract

95
Q

What is the vestibule

A

Entrance into the vagina

96
Q

What is the labia

A

External lips, folds of skin

97
Q

What is the clitoris

A

Sensitive tissue homologous to penis, on floor of vestibule.

98
Q

What is the vesicular bulbs

A

Erectile tissue and mares and bitches

99
Q

What is a prolapse of the vagina or uterus

A

Protrusion. Dropping of pelvic organs

100
Q

What controls the ovarian cycle

A

Hormonally controlled cyclic cycles of ova development.

101
Q

When does the ovarian cycle begin

A

Begins at sexual maturity and continues until death

102
Q

What are the processes of the ovarian cycle

A

Ova development, ovulation, colitis, fertilization, implantation

103
Q

List the ovarian cycle from start to finish

A

Several primary follicles containing primary oocyte begin to develop. One or more will develop into the graafian follicle containing the secondary Oocyte. Follicles rupture causing ovulation. Ruptured follicle’s develop into corpus luteum.

104
Q

List the six steps of follicle development

A 
Primordial follicle. 
Primary follicle. 
Secondary follicle – late to secondary follicle. 
Mature Vesicular follicle. 
Follicle ruptures. 
Corpus luteum forms
105
Q

Where is the GNRH hormone released from, why is it released and what are the target cells

A

It is released from the hypothalamus in response to environmental cues. Target cells are the anterior pituitary gland

106
Q

Where does the FSH hormone come from and what does it do

A

Comes from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates follicle development

107
Q

Who produces estrogen and what does it do

A

The follicle cells produce estrogen. It stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary gland. Causes negative feedback on follicle-stimulating hormone.

108
Q

What hormone released triggers ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone

109
Q

What produce progesterone

A

The corpus luteum

110
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Stimulates female mating behaviour.
Prepares endometrium for implantation.
Inhibits GNRH.

111
Q

What happens with progesterone if no fertilization occurs

A

Corpus luteum breaks down and GNRH is no longer inhibited.

112
Q

What happens to the endometrium if there’s no progesterone

A

It diminishes

113
Q

What hormones does the uterus produce

A

Prostaglandins

114
Q

What do prostaglandins do to the corpus luteum

A

It’s deteriorates thus decreases progesterone levels

115
Q

What does the embryo do with the prostaglandins

A

Blocks release of prostaglandins from uterus thus allowing CL to continue to release progesterone and maintain endometrium until a placenta is formed

116
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy

A

Common in dogs not cats. Corpus luteum remains for 6-7 weeks after ovulation. High progesterone levels stimulate pregnancy changes (eg. Mammary gland development, maternal behaviour). High progesterone levels affect some dogs more than others.

117
Q

What is estrus

A

Time when females will be most receptive to males. Time when she is most likely to get pregnant

118
Q

What is polyesteous

A

Cycle continuously throughout year if no pregnancy (cattle, swine)

119
Q

What animals are seasonally polyesteous

A

Horses, sheep, cats

120
Q

What is diestrous

A

2 cycles per year (dogs)

121
Q

What is monoestrus

A

1 cycle per year (foxes and minks)

122
Q

What is seasonally polyesteous animals affected by

A

Cycle affected by length of day (pineal gland, melatonin)

123
Q

What do short day breeders do

A

Cycle during fall/winter (Sheeps, goats)

124
Q

What are long day breeders

A

Cycle during spring/summer (horses,cats, hamsters, ferrets)

125
Q

Describe the monoestrus cycle

A

Anestrus➡️proestrus➡️estrus➡️ovulation➡️implantation➡️gestation➡️parturition➡️lactation

126
Q

Describe the polyesteous cycle:

A

Proestrus➡️estrus➡️ovulation➡️implantation➡️gestation➡️parturition➡️lactation

127
Q

What is the length of time spent in each stage dependant on

A

Species and type of estrus cycle

128
Q

What is Anestrus

A

Period of ovarian inactivity, seen in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous and monoestrus females. Polyesteous females don’t have Anestrus

129
Q

What is proestrus

A

Period of follicular development (due to FSH secretion), increasing estrogen production, physical changes to reproductive tract lining (thickening of uterine lining, start of keratinization of vaginal epithelium)
Period of sexual activity
Reproductive tract in under influence of estrogen

130
Q

What is estrus

A

Period when female is most receptive to male; high estrogen stimulates behavioural changes (vocalizations, flagging tail)

131
Q

Describe the changes that estrus causes

A

Decreasing FSH levels
Vaginal epithelium is cornified
Ovulation usually occurs in end of period
Some species are induced ovulators and will remain in estrus if no coitus (cats, mink, ferrets)

132
Q

What is monoestrus

A

Period after ovulation, development of corpus luteum, Progesterone production.

133
Q

What changes come from monoestrus

A

Reproductive tract is under influence of progesterone
Females no longer interested in males
Endometrium is thick and juicy
Declining cornification of vaginal epithelium

134
Q

What is special about monoestrus

A

Sometimes called diestrous and lumped in with next phase in cats and horses

135
Q

What is diestrus

A

Luteal phase; corpus luteum has reached maximum size

136
Q

What changes happen in diestrus

A
137
Q

How do you determine what stage of estrus a female is in

A

Vulva swelling + discharge
Thickness of vagina + uterine wall
Vaginal cytology

138
Q

In a vaginal cytology what can you see

A

Wbc, rbc, bacteria.

Changes in squamous epithelial cells: cytoplasmic ratio, size of cells

139
Q

Which cells are cornification

A

Anucleur and superficial

140
Q

What color are cornified cells

A

dark purple

141
Q

What cells are non cornified

A

Intermediate and parabasal.

142
Q

What color are non cornified cells

A

Light purple

143
Q

How do you remember the cornification

A

Pisa (non cornified to cornified)

144
Q

Describe the transport of sperm

A

Copulation(coitus) ➡️ ejaculation. The sperm is deposited in cranial portion of vagina. Except for horse and pig.

145
Q

What is transport aided by

A 
Sperm motility (flagella powered by ATP)
Uterine contractions (due to oxytocin)
146
Q

When is female the most receptive for sperm

A

Female is most receptive just prior to ovulation so sperm should should be in oviducts and ready to fertilize by the time of egg release

147
Q

What is capacitation

A

Series of changes occurring in sperm to allow fertilization

148
Q

What changes happen in sperm

A

Increase in sugar metabolism, ATP made.
Sheds proteins and fats that cover it
Release enzyme from acrosome which will allow sperm to digest through layers surrounding ovum

149
Q

How many sperm can fertiliZe an egg

A

1

150
Q

What happens in the zone pellucida

A

Hardens once 1st sperm binds to ovum receptors, prevents other sperm from entering

151
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

In the oviduct

152
Q

What do male and female haploid pronuclei join to form

A

A diploid ️nucleus

153
Q

What is a zygote

A

Single diploid cell

154
Q

What is cleavage

A

Embryonic cell division: mitosis of zygote

Increased in cell # but not size: rapid division and hardened zona pellucida prevents expansion of cells

155
Q

What is a morula

A

Solid ball of cells

156
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

Hollow ball of cells

157
Q

Describe implantation in multiparous

A

Blastocytes distribute themselves equally between uterine horns

158
Q

What happens to blastocytes in zona pellucida

A

Break out of hardened zona pullicida invade hypertrophied endometrium using digestive enzymes.

159
Q

When does incubation happen in dogs

A

14-20 days in bitches

160
Q

When does incubation happen in cats

A

11-16 days

161
Q

When does incubation happen

A

9 days in humans

162
Q

What does the placenta do

A

Nourishes the developing embryo

163
Q

Describe the inner cell mass (future embryo)

A

Forms 3 germ layers by process of gastrulation

Germ layers form embryo and some of extra embryonic membranes

164
Q

What is a trophoblast (future placenta)

A

Develops into some of the extra embryonic membrane.

In mammals these membranes become the placenta and the umbilical cord

165
Q

What do germ layers (embryonic tissue) form

A

All tissues/organs of animal

166
Q

What is an ectoderm

A

Outer layer of cells. Forms nervous system and epidermis.

167
Q

What is neurolation

A

Formation of nervous system

168
Q

What is mesoderm

A

Middle layer of cells.form most organs (dermis, heart, bones and muscle)

169
Q

What is endoderm

A

Inner layer of cells that forms the lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tract

170
Q

What are extra embryonic layer membranes

A

Tissues that don’t form the embryo but are important to its development

171
Q

What is the placenta

A

Formed from chorion (extra embryonic membrane)
Attached to uterine wall
Site of exchange of gas, nutrients waste between fetal and maternal capillary bed.

172
Q

What does umbilical cord form from

A

Yolk sac and allantois.

173
Q

How many umbilical arteries carry deO2 blood away from fetus

A

2

174
Q

How many umbillical veins carry O2 blood to fetus

A

1

175
Q

What is a diffuse placental attachment

A

Easy to shed and detaches easily (horses and pigs) from uterus

176
Q

What is cotyledonary placental attachment

A

Many attachments (placentomes) difficult to shed and retained placenta (ruminants)

177
Q

What is zonary placental attachment

A

Band of attached tissue that is easily shed (cats, dogs)

178
Q

What is the discoid placental attachment

A

Disk attachment site (primates and rodents)

179
Q

What is pregnancy

A

Gestational period, time between implantation and parturition. Divided into trimesters.

180
Q

What is the first trimester called

A

Embryo

181
Q

What is the 2nd, 3rd trimester considered

A

Fetus

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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