Reproductive System + Pregnancy Flashcards
0
Q
What do the differences in gender roles affect
A
Behavior, anatomy, physiology between sexes
1
Q
Describe the reproductive system
A
Non-essential for survival of individual, however a sensual, for survival of species. Evolution of sexual behavior reflects importance of reproduction.
2
Q
What are the purpose of the reproductive system
A
Produce and transport gametes to females which is the site of embryonic development. Produce hormones that cause sexual maturation, gamete production, stimulate ovulation, Gestation, lactation. Nourish developing offspring.
3
Q
Describe chromosomes in relation to the reproductive system
A
Animals have diploid number of chromosomes in their somatic cells. 2N. Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes one for mother and one from father. Chromosome pairs are genetically different but code for the same genes.
4
Q
How many chromosomes do cats have
A
38
5
Q
How Many chromosomes to humans have
A
46
6
Q
How many chromosomes do dogs have
A
78
7
Q
What are sex chromosomes
A
Pair of chromosomes that determine the gender
8
Q
Who is the Homogametic sex
A
female
9
Q
What is the name for a sex cell
A
Gamete
10
Q
Are gametes diploid or haploid
A
Haploid
11
Q
How are gametes formed
A
Formed by the process of meiosis. 2N to N
12
Q
What do sex cells contain
A
Half the genetic material of somatic cells
13
Q
What is spermatogenesis
A
The formation of spermatozoa
14
Q
What is oogenesis
A
The formation of ova
15
Q
Why are gametes genetically different from each other
A
Due to independent assortment and crossing over
16
Q
When does independent assortment occur
A
Metaphase one
17
Q
When does the crossing over occur
A
Prophase one
18
Q
What is spermatogenesis
A
The formation of spermatozoa
19
Q
Where does spermatogenesis occur
A
In the seminiferous tubule’s
20
Q
Each spermatogonium produces how many sperm
A
4
21
Q
What is oogenesis
A
The formation of ova
22
Q
Where does oogenesis occur
A
In the follicles of the ovaries
23
Q
at what point does Oogenesis stop until estrus
A
Prophase one
24
How many ova does each oogonium produce
One.
25
How do the polar bodies form for the ovum
Uneven cytokinesis
26
What are the three male reproductive system functions
Make male sex hormones called androgens. Make spermatozoa. Deliver spermatozoa to female
27
Describe the testes
Paired oval structures located in external caudal sacs called the scrotum in the inguinal region
28
Describe the skin of the scrotum
Scrotum is thin and lacks subcutaneous fat. Has sweat glands. Alopecic but not at all species
29
What does the cremaster muscle do and what is it in response to
It pulls the testicles cranially. It is in response to temperature
30
Where did the testicles develop. And when do they decend
The testicles develop in the cranial abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth.
31
What is the gubernaculum
Embryonic structure of connective tissue that pulls testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. May be confused with testes in cryptorchid NeoNates.
32
What is the scrotal ligament or gubernaculum testes
Secure testes to caudle end of scrotum which restricts the movement in the sac.
33
Describe cryptorchidism
Can be unilateral or bilateral. Neutering recommended. Often hereditary thus not suitable to use as breeders. Prone to testicular torsion and cancer.
34
If you have a bilaterally cryptorchid Kat what is the potential
The potential is for torsion of the spermatic cord which is the blood vessels and vas deferens in abdomen.
35
Can testicular torsion occur in normally descended males. And what does the patient presents with.
Yes it can occur but it is rare. Present with extreme abdominal pain. Tissue death of testes if restricted bloodflow. Can be fatal
36
What do the Leydig cells produce
Testosterone
37
What do the seminiferous tubule's produce
Spermatozoa
38
What are the leydig cells influenced by
LC SH
39
What are the functions of Sertoli cells
Have FSH receptors which control spermatogenesis and make some estrogen. Also support meiotic cells physically And nutritionally as they develop into spermatozoa. Protect sperm from immune system
40
Describe Sertoli cell tumors
Form of testicular cancer. More common in older dogs and cats. Affects only intact males and more common in cryptorchid than those with decended testes
41
What are the clinical signs of Sertoli cell tumors
Feminization of animal due to increased estrogen production, alopecia. Mammary gland growth, atrophy of penis, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males,squatting to urinate
42
What is the treatment for Sertoli cell tumors
Castration and chemotherapy if it metastasized
43
What are testicular tumors do too
Neoplasia of Laidig or Sertoli cells
44
Describe Laidig cell tumors
Rare. Remain benign. No obvious symptoms other than testicular tumor.
45
What is the protective testicular capsule of dense regular connective tissue
Tunica p
46
What divides the testes into lobes of seminiferous tubule's
The septa
47
Describe the epididymis
Long convoluted tubule connecting efferent ducts of testes to the ductus deferens which is the site of storage and maturation of spermatozoa.
48
What is the ductus deferens
Part of the spermatic cord. Paired tubes composed of smooth muscle and columnar epithelium (simple or ciliated pseudostratified). Propels sperm out through the uterus.
49
What is the ampulla
Enlargement of vas deferens prior to joining the urethra. Not present in all species. Glandular in some. Contributes to semen.
50
describe the spermatic cord
Compose the vas deferens, lymphatic and blood vessels, nerves, muscles. Sheathed in connective tissue. Countercurrent heat exchange mechanism between network of veins and the testicular artery. Reduces heat loss from body core to keep testicles cooler.
51
What are the vaginal tunics
Two layers of connective tissue surrounding each testy. Derived from peritoneum during development.
52
What is the visceral vaginal tunic
Thin, transparent, covers testes. Derived from visceral peritoneum which is Serous tissue covering testes when they're developing in the abdominal cavity.
53
What is the parietal vaginal tunic
Fibers soccer around testes and cord. Derived from parietal peritoneum
54
What are considered the male accessory reproductive glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
55
What is the purpose of the accessory reproductive glands in males
Contribute fluid and substances to the sperm to form semen.
Alkaline substances to neutralize acidity of the female reproductive track,
fructose, electrolytes for energy and metabolic processes,
prostaglandins to stimulate contractions of female reproductive tract.
56
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia
Very common in uncastrated dogs 60% at five years old, 95% at nine years old. Hormonal problem due to androgen and estrogen ratio.
57
What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Difficulty in defecation, urination, hematuria
58
Castration
How do you treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
59
What are the functions of the urethra
Dual function. Carry urine and semen. During ejaculation sphincter closes off urine from the bladder
60
What tissue type is the urethra composed of
Transitional and stratified squamous epithelium
61
What are the two portions of their urethra
Pelvic urethra. Penile urethra
62
Describe the penis
Urethra passes through to deliver urine and semen
63
Describe the route of the penis
The base, connected to pelvis by connective tissue and muscle.
64
Describe the body of the penis
Composed of erectile connective tissue that fills with blood
65
Describe the glans of the penis
The tip of the penis, highly sensitive, shape varies among species.
66
What is the skin that covers the tip of the nonerect penis
Prepuce
67
Describe the erectile tissue in the body of the penis
Sinuses with fibrous connective tissue filled with blood upon stimulation. Blood flow in is greater than blood flow out equals direction. Veins are compressed
68
What is the os penis
Bone in the body of the penis dorsal to urethra
69
What are the bulbourethral glands
Become slowly enlarged during erection and tie the pair together even after ejaculation for several minutes
70
What is the sigmoid flexure in ruminants
S shaped curvature of non-erect penis. Held in Fletcher by retractor penis muscle. During erection penis straightens rather than enlarges
71
Why do we collect semen
For purpose of artificial insemination, for evaluating sperm quality witches shape motility and density.
72
How do we collect semen
Manual expression, artificial vagina, electroejaculation
73
What are the functions of the female reproductive system
Make female sex hormones, make ova, receive sperm from male, nurtured developing embryos, care for offspring after birth
74
How are the reproductive structures held in place
Peritoneal sheets of mesentery suspend the reproductive structures. Called broad ligaments
75
What is the suspensatory ligament
Suspends ovaries from body wall
76
What is the round ligament
Connects uterine horn to inguinal ring
77
What is the ovarian ligament
Canex the ovary to the uterus and horn
78
What do you have to ligate during the ovariohysterectomy before cutting the ligaments and removing the organs
The ovarian pedicle
79
Describe the ovaries
Paired organs in the abdominal cavity near kidneys. Size and shape varies among species. Site of oogenesis
Produce hormones
80
Where is estrogen made. What is its purpose
Estrogen is made by the developing follicle cells of Oocytes. Prepares female for breeding
81
Where is progesterone made. What is it for
Purge estrone is made by the corpus luteum. Prepares uterine lining for implementation and maintains uterine lining if implanted.
82
What do the oviducts consist of
The fallopian tubes and the uterine tubes
83
Describe the Oviducts
Paired, convoluted tubes extending cranially from uterus to ovaries. Not attached to ovaries.
84
What is the infundibulum
Funnel shaped opening at distal end of uterus
85
What do the fimbrae do
Catch ovum after ovulation
86
What are the oviducts composed of
Smooth muscle, ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium
87
What is the function of the oviduct
Transport egg to uterus. Site of fertilization
88
Describe the uterus
Muscular, thick walled Organ that's Y shaped and many uterine horns. Site of embryonic development. Forms part of the placenta along with the embryo
89
Describe the cervix
Thick muscular sphincter that separates uterus body from vagina. Normally closed except during estrus and parturition.
90
What are the three layers of the uterus
Perimetrium: visceral peritoneum serous tissue.
Myometrium: layers of smooth muscle. Endometrium: similar columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands, blood vessels.
91
What is the function of the uterus
Secrete mucus, nutrients for developing embryo
92
What is pyometra
Infection in the uterus
93
Describe the vagina
Mucosal lined elastic tube of smooth muscle which receives penis and sperm and extends from cervix to Volvo
94
Describe the Vulva
External opening to female reproductive tract
95
What is the vestibule
Entrance into the vagina
96
What is the labia
External lips, folds of skin
97
What is the clitoris
Sensitive tissue homologous to penis, on floor of vestibule.
98
What is the vesicular bulbs
Erectile tissue and mares and bitches
99
What is a prolapse of the vagina or uterus
Protrusion. Dropping of pelvic organs
100
What controls the ovarian cycle
Hormonally controlled cyclic cycles of ova development.
101
When does the ovarian cycle begin
Begins at sexual maturity and continues until death
102
What are the processes of the ovarian cycle
Ova development, ovulation, colitis, fertilization, implantation
103
List the ovarian cycle from start to finish
Several primary follicles containing primary oocyte begin to develop. One or more will develop into the graafian follicle containing the secondary Oocyte. Follicles rupture causing ovulation. Ruptured follicle's develop into corpus luteum.
104
List the six steps of follicle development
```
Primordial follicle.
Primary follicle.
Secondary follicle – late to secondary follicle.
Mature Vesicular follicle.
Follicle ruptures.
Corpus luteum forms
```
105
Where is the GNRH hormone released from, why is it released and what are the target cells
It is released from the hypothalamus in response to environmental cues. Target cells are the anterior pituitary gland
106
Where does the FSH hormone come from and what does it do
Comes from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates follicle development
107
Who produces estrogen and what does it do
The follicle cells produce estrogen. It stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary gland. Causes negative feedback on follicle-stimulating hormone.
108
What hormone released triggers ovulation
Luteinizing hormone
109
What produce progesterone
The corpus luteum
110
What does progesterone do
Stimulates female mating behaviour.
Prepares endometrium for implantation.
Inhibits GNRH.
111
What happens with progesterone if no fertilization occurs
Corpus luteum breaks down and GNRH is no longer inhibited.
112
What happens to the endometrium if there's no progesterone
It diminishes
113
What hormones does the uterus produce
Prostaglandins
114
What do prostaglandins do to the corpus luteum
It's deteriorates thus decreases progesterone levels
115
What does the embryo do with the prostaglandins
Blocks release of prostaglandins from uterus thus allowing CL to continue to release progesterone and maintain endometrium until a placenta is formed
116
Describe pseudopregnancy
Common in dogs not cats. Corpus luteum remains for 6-7 weeks after ovulation. High progesterone levels stimulate pregnancy changes (eg. Mammary gland development, maternal behaviour). High progesterone levels affect some dogs more than others.
117
What is estrus
Time when females will be most receptive to males. Time when she is most likely to get pregnant
118
What is polyesteous
Cycle continuously throughout year if no pregnancy (cattle, swine)
119
What animals are seasonally polyesteous
Horses, sheep, cats
120
What is diestrous
2 cycles per year (dogs)
121
What is monoestrus
1 cycle per year (foxes and minks)
122
What is seasonally polyesteous animals affected by
Cycle affected by length of day (pineal gland, melatonin)
123
What do short day breeders do
Cycle during fall/winter (Sheeps, goats)
124
What are long day breeders
Cycle during spring/summer (horses,cats, hamsters, ferrets)
125
Describe the monoestrus cycle
Anestrus➡️proestrus➡️estrus➡️ovulation➡️implantation➡️gestation➡️parturition➡️lactation
126
Describe the polyesteous cycle:
Proestrus➡️estrus➡️ovulation➡️implantation➡️gestation➡️parturition➡️lactation
127
What is the length of time spent in each stage dependant on
Species and type of estrus cycle
128
What is Anestrus
Period of ovarian inactivity, seen in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous and monoestrus females. Polyesteous females don't have Anestrus
129
What is proestrus
Period of follicular development (due to FSH secretion), increasing estrogen production, physical changes to reproductive tract lining (thickening of uterine lining, start of keratinization of vaginal epithelium)
Period of sexual activity
Reproductive tract in under influence of estrogen
130
What is estrus
Period when female is most receptive to male; high estrogen stimulates behavioural changes (vocalizations, flagging tail)
131
Describe the changes that estrus causes
Decreasing FSH levels
Vaginal epithelium is cornified
Ovulation usually occurs in end of period
Some species are induced ovulators and will remain in estrus if no coitus (cats, mink, ferrets)
132
What is monoestrus
Period after ovulation, development of corpus luteum, Progesterone production.
133
What changes come from monoestrus
Reproductive tract is under influence of progesterone
Females no longer interested in males
Endometrium is thick and juicy
Declining cornification of vaginal epithelium
134
What is special about monoestrus
Sometimes called diestrous and lumped in with next phase in cats and horses
135
What is diestrus
Luteal phase; corpus luteum has reached maximum size
136
What changes happen in diestrus
137
How do you determine what stage of estrus a female is in
Vulva swelling + discharge
Thickness of vagina + uterine wall
Vaginal cytology
138
In a vaginal cytology what can you see
Wbc, rbc, bacteria.
| Changes in squamous epithelial cells: cytoplasmic ratio, size of cells
139
Which cells are cornification
Anucleur and superficial
140
What color are cornified cells
dark purple
141
What cells are non cornified
Intermediate and parabasal.
142
What color are non cornified cells
Light purple
143
How do you remember the cornification
Pisa (non cornified to cornified)
144
Describe the transport of sperm
Copulation(coitus) ➡️ ejaculation. The sperm is deposited in cranial portion of vagina. Except for horse and pig.
145
What is transport aided by
```
Sperm motility (flagella powered by ATP)
Uterine contractions (due to oxytocin)
```
146
When is female the most receptive for sperm
Female is most receptive just prior to ovulation so sperm should should be in oviducts and ready to fertilize by the time of egg release
147
What is capacitation
Series of changes occurring in sperm to allow fertilization
148
What changes happen in sperm
Increase in sugar metabolism, ATP made.
Sheds proteins and fats that cover it
Release enzyme from acrosome which will allow sperm to digest through layers surrounding ovum
149
How many sperm can fertiliZe an egg
1
150
What happens in the zone pellucida
Hardens once 1st sperm binds to ovum receptors, prevents other sperm from entering
151
Where does fertilization occur
In the oviduct
152
What do male and female haploid pronuclei join to form
A diploid ️nucleus
153
What is a zygote
Single diploid cell
154
What is cleavage
Embryonic cell division: mitosis of zygote
| Increased in cell # but not size: rapid division and hardened zona pellucida prevents expansion of cells
155
What is a morula
Solid ball of cells
156
What is a blastocyst
Hollow ball of cells
157
Describe implantation in multiparous
Blastocytes distribute themselves equally between uterine horns
158
What happens to blastocytes in zona pellucida
Break out of hardened zona pullicida invade hypertrophied endometrium using digestive enzymes.
159
When does incubation happen in dogs
14-20 days in bitches
160
When does incubation happen in cats
11-16 days
161
When does incubation happen
9 days in humans
162
What does the placenta do
Nourishes the developing embryo
163
Describe the inner cell mass (future embryo)
Forms 3 germ layers by process of gastrulation
| Germ layers form embryo and some of extra embryonic membranes
164
What is a trophoblast (future placenta)
Develops into some of the extra embryonic membrane.
| In mammals these membranes become the placenta and the umbilical cord
165
What do germ layers (embryonic tissue) form
All tissues/organs of animal
166
What is an ectoderm
Outer layer of cells. Forms nervous system and epidermis.
167
What is neurolation
Formation of nervous system
168
What is mesoderm
Middle layer of cells.form most organs (dermis, heart, bones and muscle)
169
What is endoderm
Inner layer of cells that forms the lining of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tract
170
What are extra embryonic layer membranes
Tissues that don't form the embryo but are important to its development
171
What is the placenta
Formed from chorion (extra embryonic membrane)
Attached to uterine wall
Site of exchange of gas, nutrients waste between fetal and maternal capillary bed.
172
What does umbilical cord form from
Yolk sac and allantois.
173
How many umbilical arteries carry deO2 blood away from fetus
2
174
How many umbillical veins carry O2 blood to fetus
1
175
What is a diffuse placental attachment
Easy to shed and detaches easily (horses and pigs) from uterus
176
What is cotyledonary placental attachment
Many attachments (placentomes) difficult to shed and retained placenta (ruminants)
177
What is zonary placental attachment
Band of attached tissue that is easily shed (cats, dogs)
178
What is the discoid placental attachment
Disk attachment site (primates and rodents)
179
What is pregnancy
Gestational period, time between implantation and parturition. Divided into trimesters.
180
What is the first trimester called
Embryo
181
What is the 2nd, 3rd trimester considered
Fetus
