Lab Exam Flashcards
Where are rugae found
On the surface of the hard palate and the stomach
What is one function of the nasopalatine duct
Forms a connection between the oral cavity and the nasal passage. Allows for Flemen response. This duct is found in all mammals
What is the function of tonsils in mammals
Trap germs that you breathe in
What is the dental formula for a cat
3131
3121
How can you easily distinguish the trachea from the esophagus
Esau for guess is a smooth tube. The trachea is made of cartilaginous rings
What species of animals is the cardiac sphincter more muscular and thus provides vomiting
Rabbits and horses
Name two mesenteric connections of the stomach
Greater and lesser Omenta
What type of tissue composes mesentery
Connective tissue
What regions of the stomach have gastric glands
The fundus
List three cells found in these gastric glands pits
Chief cells, Entero-endocrine cells and parietal cells
What does the gastrin hormone do
Triggers the release of HCl and stimulates gastric muscle contractions of the Antrum region
Where are the sphincters located
In the pylorus and Cardia region of stomach
How is the proximity of the do addendum to the pancreas and liver and gallbladder advantageous
Less time to secrete hormones into the duodenum
What causes the velvety appearance of the small intestine
The villi projecting from the mucosal and submucosal layer
What are the small lumps in the wall of the ileum called and what is their function
Pyers patches and their function is part of the lymphatic system (malt)
What does the common bile duct do
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine
What substances are carried in the pancreatic ducts
Pancreatic enzymes
Which part of the colon is more proximal to the cecum
Ascending
Between a cat, a rat and a pig which species would you expect to have the largest caecum
The rat due to his diet
What are the distinguishing features of the salivary glands
Single layer of simple squamous white cells within
What are the distinguishing features of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets
What are the distinguishing features of the esophagus
Thick layer of skeletal muscle and a layer of smooth muscle
What are the distinguishing features of the stomach Cardia
Fingerlike projections
What are the distinguishing features of the duodenum
Branches, tubuloacinar duodenal glands in submucosa. Simple columnar folds
Describe the distinguishing features of the jejunum
Cells in columnar enterocytes the purple circle. Think layer of smooth muscle
Describe the distinguishing features of the ileum
Peyers patches: purple round things. Folds with simple columnar surrounding
Describe the distinguishing features of the colon
Lymphatic nodules, absorptive columnar cells and goblet cells
Describe the distinguishing features of teeth
Pulp, Dentin
What is the function of the omasum
Absorbs the vfa
What is the function of the Rumen
Fermentation vat
Lub (s1) is the sound heard during the blank of the blank valves
Closing of the AV valves. Which follows ventricular systole.
Dub (s2) is the sound heard during the blank of the blank valves
Closing of the semi lunar valves’s. This sound follows ventricular diastole
How do you determine the heart rate
Generally you measure the heart rate for 15 seconds use that value to calculate the number of beats per minute
What is a pulse
Alternating surges of pressure. Arterial expansion then recoil that occurs with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle. A pulse can usually be felt on any superficial artery
What Are some arteries you can feel for a pulse
The femoral artery, the dorsal pedal artery, the plantar surface of the foot
What does an electro cardiogram measure
An electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity depolarization and repolarization of the heart during one cardiac cycle.
What is happening during the P-wave
Atrial depolarization
What is happening during the QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
What is happening during the T-wave
Ventricular repolarization
In lead two placement the RF is what
Negative
In the lead two placement The LH is what
Positive
In the lead two placement The LF is what
Neutral
What is blood pressure and where is it measured
Blood pressure is defined as the pressure blood exerts against the vessels walls. Generally it is measured in the arteries. Because the heart artery alternatively contracts and relaxes the rhythmic flow of blood in the arteries causes blood pressure to rise and fall during each beat thus you can obtain two values systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Both reported in millimeters of mercury with the systolic value appearing first.
What is systolic pressure
Pressure at the peak of ventricular ejection
What is diastolic pressure
Pressure during ventricular relaxation
Does the Doppler blood pressure device measure
The Doppler blood pressure device measures systolic pressure only. A cuff is inflated around an animals distal limb or tail so that the inflated pressure is higher than the systolic pressure. The pressure stops circulation in the limb so that no more sounds are heard. Slowly the cuff is deflated. When the sounds of blood flow return this value is recorded as the systolic pressure
What does and oscillometric device measure
Measures both the systolic and diastolic pressure
How do you determine the proper cuff size for your patient
It should be 40% of the leg width
What does the pulse oximetry machine do
Noninvasive method used to determine O2 saturation in the blood. Uses red and infrared light to measure O2 levels because hemoglobin with different levels of oxygenation will reflect different wavelengths of light. Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light and allows more red light to pass through
Where is the SA node located
Where the cranial vena cava meets the right atrium
Why do semilunar valves lack cordinae tendinae
Because they don’t have as much force
What action of the heart makes the Lubs sound
Closing of the AV valves
What action of the heart makes the dub sound
Closing of the semilunar valve’s
What is the function of the umbilical arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
What are two ways fetal blood can bypass the pulmonary circuit
Through the foreman ovale or the ductus arteriosus
Which vertebrae group lacks a pulmonary circuit
Fish
Why do amphibians have a Pulmocutaneous circuit
They breathe through their skin
What is the advantage to having two ventricles
More efficient due to unmixed blood
What are the distinguishing features of a vein
Endothelium, blood cells. some smooth muscle
What are the distinguishing features of an artery
Lumen, red blood cells, membrane, endothelium. Lots of smooth muscle
What are the distinguishing features of a capillary
Capillaries and purple center. Small lumen
What are The distinguishing features of cardiac muscle
Striated, branched muscle with a single nucleus
What species have carnassial teeth
Cats, dogs, wolves
Why would a bears carnassial teeth be different than a cats
It is adapted to its diet and it doesn’t need teeth that are as pointy because they eat berries as well as meat
What are three things charted during a dental exam
Number of teeth, recession and calculus and gingivitis index
What does the line running through the teeth represent
The gum line
Why are some boxes on the dental charts are blacked out for furcation
Because those teeth are not multirooted
In what species would we find a peg tooth and what is it
Rabbits and it’s the tooth behind incisors
Are humans brachydont or hypsodont. What does it mean
Brachydont, short crown
Name three species that lack incisors
Deer, sheep, goats, cows and snake
What animals have incisors that grows continuously throughout their life
Rodents and rabbits
Rodent incisors only have enamel on the labial surface. How is this beneficial
Keep tooth strong but allows for good grinding
What are three common venipuncture sites in cats
Cephalic vein
Jugular vein
Femoral vein
What is the name for the flap of connective tissue that makes up a heart valve
A cusp
What are the little cords of connective tissue that attach the free edges of an atrioventricular valve to the walls of the ventricle
Chordinae tendinae
How many cusps does the mitral valve have
Two
Does the right or left ventricle of the heart have the thicker muscle? Why?
Left ventricle. Because it has to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body not just the lungs
How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have
Three
Which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve located on
Right side
Which valves are known as the semilunar valves
Aortic and pulmonary
Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
What is the name for the wide cranial end of the heart where arteries and veins enter and exit
Base of the heart
What is the name for the caudal pointed end of the heart containing the left ventricle
Apex of the heart
Is a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel
Efferent
Is a blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel
Afferent
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
The right side
Which side of the heart receives blood from the body
Right
What vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary vein
What is the valve between the left ventricle and the largest systemic artery
Aortic valve
What is the name of the largest systemic aftery
Aorta
Is the vena cava an afferent or efferent blood vessel
Afferent
Is the aorta an afferent or efferent blood vessel
Efferent
Is the blood in the aorta oxygen rich or oxygen poor
Oxygen rich
Is the blood in the vena cava oxygen rich or oxygen poor
Oxygen poor
Is the blood in the pulmonary artery oxygen rich or oxygen poor
Oxygen poor
What artery supplies blood to the head
Carotid artery
What vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary vein
What is the largest vein in the body
Vena cava
What superficial vessels (artery and vein) lay on the medial surface of the inner thigh
Femoral artery and femoral vein
What vein runs up the cranial surface of the forelimb below the elbow
Cephalic vein
What vein is located just distal to the femoral vein on the hind limb
Saphenous
What vein us normally used when drawing up a large volume of blood
Jugular vein
What vein curves up the lateral surface of the hind limb just above the hock
Saphenous vein
What blood vessels that supply blood to the hind limb does the abdominal aorta divide into
Iliac arteries
Is the jugular vein an afferent or efferent blood vessel
Afferent
Is the color of arterial blood dark or bright red? Why?
Bright red. Carries large amounts of oxygen
Does venous blood spurt or ooze from a damaged vein and why
Ooze. Because it is carrying blood to the heart under low pressure
Does arterial blood spurt or ooze from a damaged artery? Why?
Spurt. It is carrying blood from the heart under high pressure and is affected by beating rhythm of the heart. Each spurt represents a contraction of the left ventricle
Define aorta
Major artery of the systemic circulation that receives blood from the left ventricle
Define aortic arch
After leaving the heart and the cranial direction, the portion which the aorta turns caudally to leave to go to the abdominal cavity
Define aortic valve
The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Define artery
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Define atrioventricular node
A heart valve located between an atrium and ventricle. The right AV it’s the tricuspid valve and the left AV is the mitral valve
Define the atrium
Heart chamber that receives blood from the large veins. Right atrium receives blood from vena cava and left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein
Define auricle
Externally visible part of atrium
Define Capillary
Smallest blood vessel composed of rolled up tubes of simple squamous epithelium that form extensive networks all over the body. Exchange of nutrients gases and wastes
Define caudal vena cava
The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the caudal part of the body
Define Cordae tendinae
Find threadlike cords that connect the free edge of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscle in the ventricules
Define coronary circulation
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the cells and tissues of the heart
Define cranial vena cava
The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the head and forelimbs
Define diastole
The relaxation, filled phase of a heart chamber
Define endocardium
The innermost layer of tissue that lines the heart chambers
Define heart
The muscular pump that pumps blood cells and tissues of the body
Define inter-atrial septum
The wall of myocardium that separates the left and right atria of the heart
Define interventricular groove
The fat filled groove on the outside of the heart that corresponds to the location of the interventricular septum
Define interventricular septum
The walls of myocardium that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart
Defined mediastinum
The space to the thorax between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels and major blood vessels
Define mitral valve
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Define moderator band
Band of connective tissue in the right ventricle that provides extra support for the ventricle plus prevents it from expanding
Defined myocardium
Thick muscular layer of the heart wall
Define pericardial sac
The outermost layer of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
Define pericardium
Protective outer layer covering the heart
Define pulmonary circulation
The blood circulating to the lungs
Define pulmonary valve
The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery also known as the pulmonary valve
Define pulmonary vessels
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Define renal artery and vein
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the kidneys
Define sinoatrial node
Natural pacemaker of the heart
Define semilunar valve’s
Another name for the pulmonary and aortic valve’s
Define systemic circulation
The blood circulation to and from all parts of the body except for the lungs
Define Systole
The contract and pumping phase of the heart chamber
Define tricuspid valve
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Define vein
A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
Define ventricle
The heart chamber that pumps blood out through the large arteries the left ventricle pumps blood out through the aorta and the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery
What is the Cardia and what does it do
It is the opening from the esophagus. Has a cardiac sphincter which helps reduce reflux
What is the Antrum and what is it do
It grinds up swallowed food and also regulates HCL secretion in fundus and body
What is the fundus and what is it do
The distensible blind poach which expands as more food is swallowed, then changes shape to close off esophagus
What is the body and what is it do
Distensible middle section containing numerous gastric glands
What is the pylorus and what is it do
Muscular sphincter which regulates the movement of chime from the stomach and the duodenum
What is the function of the reticulum
Most cranial compartment, continuous muscular wall so compartments contract together
What is the function of the omasum
Muscular organ that mechanically breaks food down
What is the function of the rumen
Site of fermentation and anaerobic cellular respiration. Fermentation vat lined with finger like papilla
What is the function of the abomasum
The true stomach that functions like a monogastric stomach
Explain the process of emulsification. How do bile acids from the liver aid in fat digestion
Agitation in pyloric Antrum grinds fat globules into small droplets.bile coats fat droplets in duodenum. Lipases breakdown triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
What are the building blocks of molecules derived from the digestion of fat
Glycerol, fatty acid, micelles and fat-soluble vitamins
Describe three functions of the liver
Produce bile acid that is stored in gallbladder.
Remove and neutralize toxins that enter the body through the G.I. tract.
Stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed by the G.I. tract
Describe the difference between a herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
A developed caecum versus a nonfunctional caecum
What are the five key functions of the gastrointestinal tract
Absorption, excretion, mastication, prehension, ingestion
Which part of the ruminant digestive system most closely resembles the monogastric stomach
The abomasum
What are the components of the small intestine
The duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What are the components of the large intestine
Caecum, colon, rectum, anus
Which digestive related organ has both exocrine and endocrine function
The pancreas
What is an inflammation of the gingiva called
Gingivitis
What are the muscular folds that divide the sacs of the rumen called
Rumenoreticular folds
What does the P-wave signify in the contractions of the heart
Depolarization of atria in response to SA node
What does the PR interval represent in the contractions of the heart
Delay of the AV node to allow filling the ventricles
What does the QRS complex signify in the contractions of the heart
Depolarization of ventricles, triggers pumping contractions
What is the ST segment signify in the contractions of the heart
The beginning of ventricle repolarization
What does the T-wave signify and the contractions of the heart
Ventricular repolarization
Trace blood through the systemic circulation
Pulmonary veins➡️left atrium➡️bicuspid valve➡️left ventricle ➡️aortic semilunar valve➡️aorta➡️arteries➡️arterials➡️capillaries➡️venules➡️caudal/cranial vena cava➡️right atrium
Trace the blood through the pulmonary circulation
Right atrium➡️tricuspid valve➡️right ventricle➡️pulmonary semilunar valve ➡️pulmonary artery➡️lungs➡️systemic circulation
What is the dental formula for a dog
3142
3143
What is the dental formula for a horse
3143
3133
What is the dental formula for a pig
3143
3143
What is the dental formula for a cow
0033
3133
Where does incisor naming start
1
Where does canine naming start
4
Where does premolar naming start
5-8
Where does molar naming start
9-11
