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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Where are rugae found

A

On the surface of the hard palate and the stomach

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1
Q

What is one function of the nasopalatine duct

A

Forms a connection between the oral cavity and the nasal passage. Allows for Flemen response. This duct is found in all mammals

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2
Q

What is the function of tonsils in mammals

A

Trap germs that you breathe in

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3
Q

What is the dental formula for a cat

A

3131

3121

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4
Q

How can you easily distinguish the trachea from the esophagus

A

Esau for guess is a smooth tube. The trachea is made of cartilaginous rings

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5
Q

What species of animals is the cardiac sphincter more muscular and thus provides vomiting

A

Rabbits and horses

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6
Q

Name two mesenteric connections of the stomach

A

Greater and lesser Omenta

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7
Q

What type of tissue composes mesentery

A

Connective tissue

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8
Q

What regions of the stomach have gastric glands

A

The fundus

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9
Q

List three cells found in these gastric glands pits

A

Chief cells, Entero-endocrine cells and parietal cells

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10
Q

What does the gastrin hormone do

A

Triggers the release of HCl and stimulates gastric muscle contractions of the Antrum region

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11
Q

Where are the sphincters located

A

In the pylorus and Cardia region of stomach

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12
Q

How is the proximity of the do addendum to the pancreas and liver and gallbladder advantageous

A

Less time to secrete hormones into the duodenum

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13
Q

What causes the velvety appearance of the small intestine

A

The villi projecting from the mucosal and submucosal layer

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14
Q

What are the small lumps in the wall of the ileum called and what is their function

A

Pyers patches and their function is part of the lymphatic system (malt)

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15
Q

What does the common bile duct do

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine

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16
Q

What substances are carried in the pancreatic ducts

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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17
Q

Which part of the colon is more proximal to the cecum

A

Ascending

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18
Q

Between a cat, a rat and a pig which species would you expect to have the largest caecum

A

The rat due to his diet

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19
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the salivary glands

A

Single layer of simple squamous white cells within

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20
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets

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21
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the esophagus

A

Thick layer of skeletal muscle and a layer of smooth muscle

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22
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the stomach Cardia

A

Fingerlike projections

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23
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the duodenum

A

Branches, tubuloacinar duodenal glands in submucosa. Simple columnar folds

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24
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the jejunum

A

Cells in columnar enterocytes the purple circle. Think layer of smooth muscle

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25
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the ileum

A

Peyers patches: purple round things. Folds with simple columnar surrounding

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26
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the colon

A

Lymphatic nodules, absorptive columnar cells and goblet cells

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27
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of teeth

A

Pulp, Dentin

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28
Q

What is the function of the omasum

A

Absorbs the vfa

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29
Q

What is the function of the Rumen

A

Fermentation vat

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30
Q

Lub (s1) is the sound heard during the blank of the blank valves

A

Closing of the AV valves. Which follows ventricular systole.

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31
Q

Dub (s2) is the sound heard during the blank of the blank valves

A

Closing of the semi lunar valves’s. This sound follows ventricular diastole

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32
Q

How do you determine the heart rate

A

Generally you measure the heart rate for 15 seconds use that value to calculate the number of beats per minute

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33
Q

What is a pulse

A

Alternating surges of pressure. Arterial expansion then recoil that occurs with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle. A pulse can usually be felt on any superficial artery

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34
Q

What Are some arteries you can feel for a pulse

A

The femoral artery, the dorsal pedal artery, the plantar surface of the foot

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35
Q

What does an electro cardiogram measure

A

An electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity depolarization and repolarization of the heart during one cardiac cycle.

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36
Q

What is happening during the P-wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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37
Q

What is happening during the QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

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38
Q

What is happening during the T-wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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39
Q

In lead two placement the RF is what

A

Negative

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40
Q

In the lead two placement The LH is what

A

Positive

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41
Q

In the lead two placement The LF is what

A

Neutral

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42
Q

What is blood pressure and where is it measured

A

Blood pressure is defined as the pressure blood exerts against the vessels walls. Generally it is measured in the arteries. Because the heart artery alternatively contracts and relaxes the rhythmic flow of blood in the arteries causes blood pressure to rise and fall during each beat thus you can obtain two values systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Both reported in millimeters of mercury with the systolic value appearing first.

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43
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Pressure at the peak of ventricular ejection

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44
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Pressure during ventricular relaxation

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45
Q

Does the Doppler blood pressure device measure

A

The Doppler blood pressure device measures systolic pressure only. A cuff is inflated around an animals distal limb or tail so that the inflated pressure is higher than the systolic pressure. The pressure stops circulation in the limb so that no more sounds are heard. Slowly the cuff is deflated. When the sounds of blood flow return this value is recorded as the systolic pressure

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46
Q

What does and oscillometric device measure

A

Measures both the systolic and diastolic pressure

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47
Q

How do you determine the proper cuff size for your patient

A

It should be 40% of the leg width

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48
Q

What does the pulse oximetry machine do

A

Noninvasive method used to determine O2 saturation in the blood. Uses red and infrared light to measure O2 levels because hemoglobin with different levels of oxygenation will reflect different wavelengths of light. Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light and allows more red light to pass through

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49
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

Where the cranial vena cava meets the right atrium

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50
Q

Why do semilunar valves lack cordinae tendinae

A

Because they don’t have as much force

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51
Q

What action of the heart makes the Lubs sound

A

Closing of the AV valves

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52
Q

What action of the heart makes the dub sound

A

Closing of the semilunar valve’s

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53
Q

What is the function of the umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

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54
Q

What are two ways fetal blood can bypass the pulmonary circuit

A

Through the foreman ovale or the ductus arteriosus

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55
Q

Which vertebrae group lacks a pulmonary circuit

A

Fish

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56
Q

Why do amphibians have a Pulmocutaneous circuit

A

They breathe through their skin

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57
Q

What is the advantage to having two ventricles

A

More efficient due to unmixed blood

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58
Q

What are the distinguishing features of a vein

A

Endothelium, blood cells. some smooth muscle

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59
Q

What are the distinguishing features of an artery

A

Lumen, red blood cells, membrane, endothelium. Lots of smooth muscle

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60
Q

What are the distinguishing features of a capillary

A

Capillaries and purple center. Small lumen

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61
Q

What are The distinguishing features of cardiac muscle

A

Striated, branched muscle with a single nucleus

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62
Q

What species have carnassial teeth

A

Cats, dogs, wolves

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63
Q

Why would a bears carnassial teeth be different than a cats

A

It is adapted to its diet and it doesn’t need teeth that are as pointy because they eat berries as well as meat

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64
Q

What are three things charted during a dental exam

A

Number of teeth, recession and calculus and gingivitis index

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65
Q

What does the line running through the teeth represent

A

The gum line

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66
Q

Why are some boxes on the dental charts are blacked out for furcation

A

Because those teeth are not multirooted

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67
Q

In what species would we find a peg tooth and what is it

A

Rabbits and it’s the tooth behind incisors

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68
Q

Are humans brachydont or hypsodont. What does it mean

A

Brachydont, short crown

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69
Q

Name three species that lack incisors

A

Deer, sheep, goats, cows and snake

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70
Q

What animals have incisors that grows continuously throughout their life

A

Rodents and rabbits

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71
Q

Rodent incisors only have enamel on the labial surface. How is this beneficial

A

Keep tooth strong but allows for good grinding

72
Q

What are three common venipuncture sites in cats

A

Cephalic vein
Jugular vein
Femoral vein

73
Q

What is the name for the flap of connective tissue that makes up a heart valve

A

A cusp

74
Q

What are the little cords of connective tissue that attach the free edges of an atrioventricular valve to the walls of the ventricle

A

Chordinae tendinae

75
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have

A

Two

76
Q

Does the right or left ventricle of the heart have the thicker muscle? Why?

A

Left ventricle. Because it has to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body not just the lungs

77
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have

A

Three

78
Q

Which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve located on

A

Right side

79
Q

Which valves are known as the semilunar valves

A

Aortic and pulmonary

80
Q

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

81
Q

What is the name for the wide cranial end of the heart where arteries and veins enter and exit

A

Base of the heart

82
Q

What is the name for the caudal pointed end of the heart containing the left ventricle

A

Apex of the heart

83
Q

Is a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel

A

Efferent

84
Q

Is a blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel

A

Afferent

85
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

A

The right side

86
Q

Which side of the heart receives blood from the body

A

Right

87
Q

What vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart

A

Pulmonary vein

88
Q

What is the valve between the left ventricle and the largest systemic artery

A

Aortic valve

89
Q

What is the name of the largest systemic aftery

A

Aorta

90
Q

Is the vena cava an afferent or efferent blood vessel

A

Afferent

91
Q

Is the aorta an afferent or efferent blood vessel

A

Efferent

92
Q

Is the blood in the aorta oxygen rich or oxygen poor

A

Oxygen rich

93
Q

Is the blood in the vena cava oxygen rich or oxygen poor

A

Oxygen poor

94
Q

Is the blood in the pulmonary artery oxygen rich or oxygen poor

A

Oxygen poor

95
Q

What artery supplies blood to the head

A

Carotid artery

96
Q

What vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary vein

97
Q

What is the largest vein in the body

A

Vena cava

98
Q

What superficial vessels (artery and vein) lay on the medial surface of the inner thigh

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein

99
Q

What vein runs up the cranial surface of the forelimb below the elbow

A

Cephalic vein

100
Q

What vein is located just distal to the femoral vein on the hind limb

A

Saphenous

101
Q

What vein us normally used when drawing up a large volume of blood

A

Jugular vein

102
Q

What vein curves up the lateral surface of the hind limb just above the hock

A

Saphenous vein

103
Q

What blood vessels that supply blood to the hind limb does the abdominal aorta divide into

A

Iliac arteries

104
Q

Is the jugular vein an afferent or efferent blood vessel

A

Afferent

105
Q

Is the color of arterial blood dark or bright red? Why?

A

Bright red. Carries large amounts of oxygen

106
Q

Does venous blood spurt or ooze from a damaged vein and why

A

Ooze. Because it is carrying blood to the heart under low pressure

107
Q

Does arterial blood spurt or ooze from a damaged artery? Why?

A

Spurt. It is carrying blood from the heart under high pressure and is affected by beating rhythm of the heart. Each spurt represents a contraction of the left ventricle

108
Q

Define aorta

A

Major artery of the systemic circulation that receives blood from the left ventricle

109
Q

Define aortic arch

A

After leaving the heart and the cranial direction, the portion which the aorta turns caudally to leave to go to the abdominal cavity

110
Q

Define aortic valve

A

The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

111
Q

Define artery

A

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

112
Q

Define atrioventricular node

A

A heart valve located between an atrium and ventricle. The right AV it’s the tricuspid valve and the left AV is the mitral valve

113
Q

Define the atrium

A

Heart chamber that receives blood from the large veins. Right atrium receives blood from vena cava and left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein

114
Q

Define auricle

A

Externally visible part of atrium

115
Q

Define Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessel composed of rolled up tubes of simple squamous epithelium that form extensive networks all over the body. Exchange of nutrients gases and wastes

116
Q

Define caudal vena cava

A

The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the caudal part of the body

117
Q

Define Cordae tendinae

A

Find threadlike cords that connect the free edge of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscle in the ventricules

118
Q

Define coronary circulation

A

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the cells and tissues of the heart

119
Q

Define cranial vena cava

A

The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the head and forelimbs

120
Q

Define diastole

A

The relaxation, filled phase of a heart chamber

121
Q

Define endocardium

A

The innermost layer of tissue that lines the heart chambers

122
Q

Define heart

A

The muscular pump that pumps blood cells and tissues of the body

123
Q

Define inter-atrial septum

A

The wall of myocardium that separates the left and right atria of the heart

124
Q

Define interventricular groove

A

The fat filled groove on the outside of the heart that corresponds to the location of the interventricular septum

125
Q

Define interventricular septum

A

The walls of myocardium that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart

126
Q

Defined mediastinum

A

The space to the thorax between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels and major blood vessels

127
Q

Define mitral valve

A

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

128
Q

Define moderator band

A

Band of connective tissue in the right ventricle that provides extra support for the ventricle plus prevents it from expanding

129
Q

Defined myocardium

A

Thick muscular layer of the heart wall

130
Q

Define pericardial sac

A

The outermost layer of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

131
Q

Define pericardium

A

Protective outer layer covering the heart

132
Q

Define pulmonary circulation

A

The blood circulating to the lungs

133
Q

Define pulmonary valve

A

The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery also known as the pulmonary valve

134
Q

Define pulmonary vessels

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

135
Q

Define renal artery and vein

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the kidneys

136
Q

Define sinoatrial node

A

Natural pacemaker of the heart

137
Q

Define semilunar valve’s

A

Another name for the pulmonary and aortic valve’s

138
Q

Define systemic circulation

A

The blood circulation to and from all parts of the body except for the lungs

139
Q

Define Systole

A

The contract and pumping phase of the heart chamber

140
Q

Define tricuspid valve

A

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

141
Q

Define vein

A

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

142
Q

Define ventricle

A

The heart chamber that pumps blood out through the large arteries the left ventricle pumps blood out through the aorta and the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery

143
Q

What is the Cardia and what does it do

A

It is the opening from the esophagus. Has a cardiac sphincter which helps reduce reflux

144
Q

What is the Antrum and what is it do

A

It grinds up swallowed food and also regulates HCL secretion in fundus and body

145
Q

What is the fundus and what is it do

A

The distensible blind poach which expands as more food is swallowed, then changes shape to close off esophagus

146
Q

What is the body and what is it do

A

Distensible middle section containing numerous gastric glands

147
Q

What is the pylorus and what is it do

A

Muscular sphincter which regulates the movement of chime from the stomach and the duodenum

148
Q

What is the function of the reticulum

A

Most cranial compartment, continuous muscular wall so compartments contract together

149
Q

What is the function of the omasum

A

Muscular organ that mechanically breaks food down

150
Q

What is the function of the rumen

A

Site of fermentation and anaerobic cellular respiration. Fermentation vat lined with finger like papilla

151
Q

What is the function of the abomasum

A

The true stomach that functions like a monogastric stomach

152
Q

Explain the process of emulsification. How do bile acids from the liver aid in fat digestion

A

Agitation in pyloric Antrum grinds fat globules into small droplets.bile coats fat droplets in duodenum. Lipases breakdown triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

153
Q

What are the building blocks of molecules derived from the digestion of fat

A

Glycerol, fatty acid, micelles and fat-soluble vitamins

154
Q

Describe three functions of the liver

A

Produce bile acid that is stored in gallbladder.
Remove and neutralize toxins that enter the body through the G.I. tract.
Stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed by the G.I. tract

155
Q

Describe the difference between a herbivore, carnivore, omnivore

A

A developed caecum versus a nonfunctional caecum

156
Q

What are the five key functions of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Absorption, excretion, mastication, prehension, ingestion

157
Q

Which part of the ruminant digestive system most closely resembles the monogastric stomach

A

The abomasum

158
Q

What are the components of the small intestine

A

The duodenum, jejunum, ileum

159
Q

What are the components of the large intestine

A

Caecum, colon, rectum, anus

160
Q

Which digestive related organ has both exocrine and endocrine function

A

The pancreas

161
Q

What is an inflammation of the gingiva called

A

Gingivitis

162
Q

What are the muscular folds that divide the sacs of the rumen called

A

Rumenoreticular folds

163
Q

What does the P-wave signify in the contractions of the heart

A

Depolarization of atria in response to SA node

164
Q

What does the PR interval represent in the contractions of the heart

A

Delay of the AV node to allow filling the ventricles

165
Q

What does the QRS complex signify in the contractions of the heart

A

Depolarization of ventricles, triggers pumping contractions

166
Q

What is the ST segment signify in the contractions of the heart

A

The beginning of ventricle repolarization

167
Q

What does the T-wave signify and the contractions of the heart

A

Ventricular repolarization

168
Q

Trace blood through the systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary veins➡️left atrium➡️bicuspid valve➡️left ventricle ➡️aortic semilunar valve➡️aorta➡️arteries➡️arterials➡️capillaries➡️venules➡️caudal/cranial vena cava➡️right atrium

169
Q

Trace the blood through the pulmonary circulation

A

Right atrium➡️tricuspid valve➡️right ventricle➡️pulmonary semilunar valve ➡️pulmonary artery➡️lungs➡️systemic circulation

170
Q

What is the dental formula for a dog

A

3142

3143

171
Q

What is the dental formula for a horse

A

3143

3133

172
Q

What is the dental formula for a pig

A

3143

3143

173
Q

What is the dental formula for a cow

A

0033

3133

174
Q

Where does incisor naming start

A

1

175
Q

Where does canine naming start

A

4

176
Q

Where does premolar naming start

A

5-8

177
Q

Where does molar naming start

A

9-11

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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