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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter - Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

What is external respiration

A

Pulmonary respiration

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1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system

A

Supplies body cells with O2 and co2

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2
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Cellular respiration

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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

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4
Q

What is inspiration

A

Movement of air into lungs

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5
Q

What is expiration

A

Movement of air out of lungs

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6
Q

What is involved in pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. O2 and co2 exchange between lungs and capillaries
  2. O2 and co2 transported in blood
  3. O2 and co2 exchange between systemic capillaries and tissues
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7
Q

What is vocalization (phonation)

A

Vibration of vocal cords stretched across larynx

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8
Q

What is olfaction

A

Olfactory cells (chemoreceptors) bind molecules; nerve impulses are interpreted as smells by olfactory lobes of brain

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9
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

Warm air by entering respiratory tract; evaporative cooling at mucosa

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10
Q

What is the acid base balance in blood

A

Co2 amount dissolved in blood

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11
Q

Which structures are considered part of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea

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12
Q

What are the nares

A

Nostrils; external openings that lead into nasal passages

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13
Q

What is the nasal septum

A

Divides left + right side

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14
Q

What are turbinate bones

A

Increases surface area inside passage divide each passage into three smaller ones ; nasal meatus

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15
Q

What cell type is the nasal passage lined with

A

Ciliates pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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16
Q

What secrets mucus

A

Mucosa glands and goblet cells

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17
Q

What is the function of mucus

A

Warm and humidify and filter air

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18
Q

How does mucus work

A

Mucus escalator traps debris and moves it cranial u to pharynx to be swallowed

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19
Q

What does inflammation do to cilia

A

Reduces effectiveness

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20
Q

What are the sinuses

A

Spaces within skull out pockets of nasal passages. Lining continuous with that of nasal passages.

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21
Q

What are the sinuses named after

A

They are named after skull bones where they are located

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22
Q

What are the two sinuses

A

Frontal sinuses and maxillary sinuses

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23
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Inflammation of sinuses

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24
Q

What is sinusitis in dogs commonly caused by

A

Carnassial tooth abscesses

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25
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Common passage for digestive and respiratory tracts -> choking

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26
Q

Where are lymphatic tissues (tonsils) present

A

In naso and oropharynx

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27
Q

What is the larynx

A

The voice box. Composed of segments of hyaline cartilage. Supported by hyoid bone

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28
Q

What does the epiglottis cover

A

Opening to larynx (glottis) while swallowing

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29
Q

What are vocal chords

A

Connective tissue stretched against the glottis. Sounds produced by differences in tension and vibration

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30
Q

What is laryngeal paralysis in dogs

A

Inability to abduct vocal folds due to muscle or nerve problem. Either congenital or acquired. But often idiopathic

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31
Q

What are the signs of laryngeal paralysis in dogs

A

Coughing, distressful noises, exercise intolerance, thermal regulation problems

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32
Q

What is the treatment for laryngeal process and dogs

A

Surgical tieback of one vocal fold

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33
Q

What is roaring in horses

A

It is the laryngeal hemiplegia which is a half paralysis. Congenital degeneration of left laryngeal nerve which controls muscles to tighten left arytenoid cartilage

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34
Q

What is the treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses

A

Surgery

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35
Q

What is the trachea

A

The windpipe

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36
Q

What is the windpipe composed of

A

Composed of C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. C closed dorsally by smooth muscle and lined with ciliated mucosa

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37
Q

What does the trachea divide into

A

2 bronchi at base of heart which is called bifurcation

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38
Q

What is a tracheal collapse in dogs

A

Hyaline cartilage rings weaken and then flatten which causes dyspnea

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39
Q

What is ET tube intubation

A

The insertion of flexible tubes through the glottis and into the trachea. Provides open airway for artificial ventilation or administration of inhalant anesthetics. Reduce his risk of aspiration during anesthesia

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40
Q

Is it possible to intubate cows and horses

A

No

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41
Q

What is the laryngoscope

A

Using cats and dogs to visualize the glottis before ET tube insertion

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42
Q

What is special about cats in terms of ET tube intubation

A

Cats require local anesthetic due to sensitivity of glottis. Reflects causes laryngeal spasms

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43
Q

Describe the train of the lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli

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44
Q

What are the bronchi similar to in structure

A

The trachea

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45
Q

Describe bronchioles

A

No cartilage, fewer goblet cells and cilia

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46
Q

Why is there increased smooth muscle in the lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchodilation versus bronchoconstriction

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47
Q

What do terminal branches end in

A

Alveolar ducts

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48
Q

Describe Alveoli

A

Sacs of simple squamous epithelium. Microscopic, hundreds of millions of alveoli. Surrounded by Capillaries and elastic fibers which are the site of gas exchange. Produce surfactant to reduce the surface tension and pores equalize air pressure in the sacs.

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49
Q

What protects the alveoli from pathogens

A

Macrophages and antimicrobial proteins

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50
Q

How many layers do gases have to pass through in the Alveoli

A

2 simple squamous epithelial layers

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51
Q

What is asthma in cats

A

The lining of the bronchioles become irritated due to allergens cold temperatures and airborne chemicals. Causes increased mucus production and bronchial construction

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52
Q

Describe the symptoms of asthma in cats

A

Dyspnea cyanosis and wheezing

53
Q

What is the treatment for asthma in cats

A

Removal of irritants, anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators

54
Q

What is asthma in horses

A

Chronic obstructive respiratory disorder.

55
Q

What are the signs of asthma in horses

A

Dyspnea cyanosis coughing mucus production and heave line on ventral surface. Most commonly seen in stabled horses due to increased exposure to dust. Treatment similar to cats

56
Q

What are the lungs

A

In the thoracic cavity they surround the heart and the mediastinum.

57
Q

Where does the base of the lung rest

A

The diaphragm

58
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs

A

The cranial end

59
Q

What is the Hilium

A

Concavity on mediastinal surface. It is the site for the entry and exit of blood vessels bronchi lymphatic vessels and nerves

60
Q

How are the lobes of the lung divided

A

They’re divided into lobes based on the bronchi. The left has two lobes, the cranial and the caudal. The right has four lobes the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

61
Q

What is special about the lobes of the lung in the horse

A

Horses all have only one lobe per side except for the right side which also has an accessory lobe

62
Q

Describe an upper respiratory tract infection

A

Involves infection of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea. Easier to expel excessive mucus by coughing and sneezing

63
Q

Describe lower respiratory tract infection

A

Can be more life-threatening due to difficulty and expelling mucus. Airway obstruction more common

64
Q

What is bronchitis

A

Infection of the bronchi epithelia

65
Q

What is pneumonia

A

Infection of small bronchioles and alveoli

66
Q

Prior to birth describe the lungs

A

Fetal lungs are nonfunctional and filled with amnionic fluid. Tissue consistency is like the liver. Reduced pulmonary circulation

67
Q

Describe the lungs at birth

A

Alveoli filled with air in first breaths, spongy consistency. Surfactants produced late in gestation which prevent alveoli from collapsing

68
Q

What is the pleurae

A

Thin, double layered serosa of simple squamous epithelium.

69
Q

Where does the parietal pleura line

A

Lines thoracic walls, cranial aspect of diaphragm, around the heart and between the lungs

70
Q

Where does the visceral pleura line

A

Covers external lungs surface. Plural fluid fills the slit-like pleural cavity which provides lubrication and surface tension which assists in expansion and recoil during breathing.

71
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

Flat, dome shaped skeletal muscle which divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Attached to ribs and innervated by phrenic nerve.

72
Q

What does contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm do

A

Changes the volume of the thorax which affects the pressure which causes ventilation

73
Q

What is a diaphragmatic hernia

A

Tear or hole in diaphragm. Abdominal organs enter thorax. Congenital or caused by trauma and fixed by surgery

74
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung. Accumulation of air in plural cavity prevents full inflation of lungs. Symptoms are dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia

75
Q

What are the types of pneumothorax

A

Trumatic versus spontaneous. Open versus closed. Traumatic pneumothorax are usually open whereaa spontaneous are always closed and are usually due to lung disorders

76
Q

What is pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in the plural cavity due to production and removal problem.

77
Q

What are the causes of pleural effusion

A

Heart worms, liver disease, cardiac failure, cancer, pyothorax

78
Q

What is the treatment for Pleural effusion

A

Thoracocentesis. Need to treat underlying problem. Examination of aspirate can help in diagnosis

79
Q

What is exercised induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Bleeding in lungs. Hemorrhage of pulmonary capillaries. Common to race horses racing caramels, greyhounds and humans. Likely due to high pulmonary blood pressure or pounding on hard racing surfaces. Can affect performance and be fatal

80
Q

What is epistaxis

A

Hemorrhage of nasal cavity vessels

81
Q

What is the treatment for exercised induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Diuretic which reduces blood pressure. Illegal except for use in USA and Canada

82
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure

A

The pressure in alveoli. Which fluctuates with breathing. Eventually equalizes with atmospheric pressure during ventilation

83
Q

What is intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in plural cavity which also fluctuates with breathing. Always negative relative to others

84
Q

Describe the partial vacuum in the thoracic cavity

A

Partial vacuum exists in thoracic cavity to keep the lungs inflated and pull out against thoracic wall so intrapulmonary volume fluctuates with thoracic cavity volume. Assists in Venous return of blood to the heart

85
Q

What are the highs and lows of atmospheric pressure

A

0 MM HG to 760 MM HG

86
Q

What are the highs and lows of intrapleural pressure

A

4 MM HG to 756 MM HG

87
Q

What are the highs and lows of intrapulmonary pressure

A

0 MM HG to 760 MM HG

88
Q

What is inspiration

A

Inhalation

89
Q

What is expiration

A

Exhalation

90
Q

What are inspiration and expiration considered

A

Mechanical processes that depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity

91
Q

What happens when the volume changes in the thoracic cavity

A

Volume changes cause pressure changes in pressure changes cause gas flow to equalize pressure

92
Q

What is Boyles law

A

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

93
Q

Describe inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts. External intercostal muscles contract. Rib cage elevates. Increased thoracic cavity volume. Increased intrapulmonary volume. Decreased intrapulmonary pressure.

94
Q

Describe exhalation

A

Diaphragm relaxes. External intercostal muscles relax and abdominals contract. Rib cage drops. Decrease in thoracic cavity volume. Decrease in intrapulmonary volume. Increase in intrapulmonary pressure.

95
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

Volume of air inspired an expired in one breath. Varies with need

96
Q

What is minute volume

A

Volume of air inspired and expired in one minute. Needs to match perfusion to alveolar capillaries.

97
Q

What is perfusion

A

Blood flow

98
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air inspired above that in tidal volume

99
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air expired above that in tidal volume

100
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume

101
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume of air left after forcing expiration. The amount left in alveoli

102
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

103
Q

What are the two things that diffusion of gases in Lungs and body tissues involve

A

Concentration gradients of gases. Physical properties of gases. Moves from high to low concentration

104
Q

What is partial pressure

A

Pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture. Directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture

105
Q

What is the total pressure exerted by mixture of gases

A

The sum of pressures exerted by each gas

106
Q

When gas mixture comes in contact with liquid

A

Each gas dissolves into proportion to its partial pressure. At equilibrium, partial pressures into phases will be equal

107
Q

What does the amount of gas that will be dissolved dependent on

A

The molecule. CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water then 02. Little n2 dissolves in water

108
Q

Increasing pressure does what

A

Increases solubility

109
Q

Describe the pressure gradient for 02 in lungs

A

Steep partial pressure gradient. oxygen diffuses down concentration gradient from alveoli to blood

110
Q

What is the partial pressure of venous blood

A

40 mm Hg

111
Q

What is the partial pressure in the alveolars

A

104 mm Hg

112
Q

What happens when equilibrium is reached

A

No more net diffusion

113
Q

Describe the partial pressure gradient for CO2 in lungs

A

Partial pressure gradient less steep. Though gradient is not as steep, CO2 diffuses in equal amounts with oxygen. CO2 is 20 times more soluble in plasma than oxygen.

114
Q

What is the partial pressure gradient for co2 in venous blood

A

45 mm Hg

115
Q

What is the partial pressure for co2 in alveolars

A

40 mm Hg

116
Q

What percent of oxygen transport is dissolved in plasma

A

1.5%

117
Q

What percent of oxygen transport is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells

A

98.5%. Max of four o2 molecules per hemoglobin

118
Q

What is oxygen saturation dependent on

A

The pressure of O2, temperatures, blood pH, pressure of CO2 and competing molecules

119
Q

How is Co2 transported

A

7-10% in plasma
20% in hemoglobin
70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma and in red blood cells cytoplasm

120
Q

Scribe the influence of CO2 on blood pH

A

Carbonic acid equals bicarbonate buffer system. Resist change in blood pH. If H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HC03. If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 this disassociates releasing H+

121
Q

Changes in what affect blood pH

A

Respiratory rate and depth

122
Q

With slow shallow breaths what happens to the amount of CO2 in blood and the blood pH

A

Increased concentration of CO2 in blood and decreased blood pH

123
Q

In rapid deep breath what happens to amount of CO2 in blood and blood pH

A

Decreased number of CO2 in blood and increased pH

124
Q

Describe the control of ventilation

A

Skeletal muscles are used in ventilation but conscious thought not required. Involuntary control can be overridden by voluntary control. Controlled by respiratory center in brainstem (Medulla and pons). Influenced by mechanical factors such as stretch receptors in lungs preventing over inflation.

125
Q

Chemoreceptors allow for what

A

Monitoring of O2, CO2 and pH levels and blood

126
Q

What are the aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to

A

Hypoxia

127
Q

What is the medulla oblongata sensitive to

A

Sensitive to hypercapnia and acidemia. H+ binds to chemo receptors

128
Q

What are short-term mechanisms to increase oxygenation

A

Increased respiration rate and depth. Increased heart rate. Increase core body temperature. Splenic contractions

129
Q

What are long-term mechanisms to increase oxygenation

A

erythropoiesis

130
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Creased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds bodies need to remove CO2. Decreased blood CO2 levels which cause hypocapnia

131
Q

What is apnea

A

Breathing cessation from abnormally low PCO2

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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