Lab Exam 3 Flashcards
Which urine collection method is performed by the client
Free catch
What are the three methods of urine collection
Free catch (nosorb), cystocentesis, catheterization
Which method has the highest risk of lower urinary tract contamination
Free catch
Which method has the lowest risk of lower urinary tract contamination
Cystocentesis
How quickly should urine samples be analyzed
Usually immediately or max 3hrs if refrigerated
What can occur with refrigerated samples and why should they be warmed to room temperature
Crystals
Why do you subdivide the urine sample
To stain one slide, unstain the other, keep 5cc for idexx
What is the advantage for free catch urine collection
Easy way to get
What is the disadvantage for free catch urine collection
Animal and human involved. Only capable on dogs
What is the advantage to nosorb
On their own terms
What is the disadvantage to nosorb
Heavily contaminated
What is the advantage to manual expression
Manually remove urine from bladder
What is the disadvantage to manual expression
It upsets them. Urine is contaminated
What is the advantage to catheterization
Sterile and for cultures
What is the disadvantage for catheterization
Irritates the urethra and for females you have to use a scope at the vestibule to visualize the urethra.
What is the advantage to Cystocentesis
No contamination
What is the disadvantage to Cystocentesis
Can perforate the bladder
How would you insert the catheter into a male dog
Go dorsal to the oss penis. You need hibitane, catheter, syringe and lube
Describe how you do cystocentesis
Dog lays on their back. It is in the caudal abdomen. Avoid hitting the vena cava. On the back the bladder is forced to go dorsally. Insert needle at 45° angle for bladder shrinkage.
What are the three parts to a physical exam of urine
Color, transparency, smell
What is the normal color of urine
Light yellow
Why might urine appear red or pink in color
Due to the blood in the urine
Why does urine appear orange in color
Due to high concentration
Urine is usually clear. What may be present in the urine to give it a cloudy appearance
Cells
What does urine specific gravity measure
The concentration of urine
What instruments are used to measure the urine specific gravity
Refractometer
If the urine specific gravity is equal to that of the glomerulus filtrate, the sample is considered to be _____
Isotonic
If the urine specific gravity is less than the Glomerulus filtrate what is the solution considered to be
Hypotonic
If the urine specific gravity is greater than the glomerulus filtrate what is a solution considered to be
Hypertonic
Which animals are likely to have a more acidic pH due to their diet. Carnivores herbivores?
Carnivores
Why is it important to also include white blood cells in the sediment exam
To see if there is the presence of an infection
What is the UPC ratio test
Test for urine, protein, creatinine
What is protein in the urine called
Proteinuria
What is hematuria
Blood in urine
What is hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobin in the blood
What is a pneumocystogram
Where they inject air Into bladder to find stones or tumors
What does flocculent mean
Turbid
What does the specific gravity test
Measures dissolved solids compared to water
What is the normal pH for cat urine and USG
6.2-6.4 and 1.060 but should be around 1.030.
What is the normal USG for dogs
1.025-1.050
What does having bacteria In the urine do
Makes it more basic
What are the three formed elements that can be found in urine sediment
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What cell types can be seen in a microscopic exam of urine
Bacterial, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, epithelial cells
What is dystocia
Difficult birth
What is A cryptorchid
An undecenced testicle
What is a placenta
The afterbirth
What is parturition
Giving birth
What is vivoparous
Live bearer
What is oviparous
Egg bearer
What is a Neo Nate
Newborn
What is lactation
Milk production
What is meconium
First poop
What is a breech delivery
Tell first presentation of fetus
What is orchitis
Inflammation of the testicles
What is ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy outside the womb
What is metritis
Inflammation of the uterus
What is mastitis
Inflammation of the memory glands
What is supranumerary teats
Extra Teets
What is a uterine prolapse
Protrusion of uterus
What is pneumovagina
Air filled vagina
What is oligospermia
Low sperm count
What is hermaphroditism
Both sexual organs
What is Prostatomegaly
Enlarged prostate
What is an orchidectomy
Removal of the testicles
What is ovariohysterectomy
Removal of ovaries and uterus
What is fetotomy
Cutting into a dead fetus
What is Episiotomy
Cut skin to enlarge the vagina
What is c section
Surgical removal of fetus
What is amniocentesis
Removal of amniotic fluid
During which stage of estrus are the progesterone levels the highest
Diestrus
During which stage of estrus is there a lutenizing hormone surge
Proestrus
During which stage is there bloody discharge
Proestrus
During which stage is the female in standing heat
Estrus
How long is the estrous cycle of a rat. How do you check for pregnancy and a rat
Four days. Do vaginal cytology to check for timed pregnancy
How long is a dogs estrous cycle
Six months. Do vaginal cytology to check for breeding purposes
What materials are necessary for artificial insemination
Catheter, semen, syringe, extender
What is brucellosis
A venerial disease. Zoonosis, causes abortion and infertility
What is a split heat
Heat with no ovulation and Low progesterone
Describe how to do a vaginal cytology on a rat
Insert pipette into vagina, squish sailing out, drawback in, check for Milky White color. Put drop on the slide and let it air dry. When it dries stain it.
What materials are necessary for a rat vaginal cytology
Gauze, gloves, pipette, Saline, slide, lube
How old is a dog when it has its first heat
5 to 7 months
What external features show the signs of estrus in a dog and cat
Mucousy secretions, large Vulva and rubbery.
Do you inject all sperm when doing artificial insemination
No. Don’t inject all sperm, keeps him to inspect sperm quality motility and percent life to dead sperm
When you have frozen semen what do you have to do
Surgical insemination
When you have chilled sperm what do you have to do
Catheter insemination