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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Which urine collection method is performed by the client

A

Free catch

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1
Q

What are the three methods of urine collection

A

Free catch (nosorb), cystocentesis, catheterization

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2
Q

Which method has the highest risk of lower urinary tract contamination

A

Free catch

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3
Q

Which method has the lowest risk of lower urinary tract contamination

A

Cystocentesis

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4
Q

How quickly should urine samples be analyzed

A

Usually immediately or max 3hrs if refrigerated

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5
Q

What can occur with refrigerated samples and why should they be warmed to room temperature

A

Crystals

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6
Q

Why do you subdivide the urine sample

A

To stain one slide, unstain the other, keep 5cc for idexx

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7
Q

What is the advantage for free catch urine collection

A

Easy way to get

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8
Q

What is the disadvantage for free catch urine collection

A

Animal and human involved. Only capable on dogs

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9
Q

What is the advantage to nosorb

A

On their own terms

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10
Q

What is the disadvantage to nosorb

A

Heavily contaminated

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11
Q

What is the advantage to manual expression

A

Manually remove urine from bladder

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12
Q

What is the disadvantage to manual expression

A

It upsets them. Urine is contaminated

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13
Q

What is the advantage to catheterization

A

Sterile and for cultures

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14
Q

What is the disadvantage for catheterization

A

Irritates the urethra and for females you have to use a scope at the vestibule to visualize the urethra.

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15
Q

What is the advantage to Cystocentesis

A

No contamination

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16
Q

What is the disadvantage to Cystocentesis

A

Can perforate the bladder

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17
Q

How would you insert the catheter into a male dog

A

Go dorsal to the oss penis. You need hibitane, catheter, syringe and lube

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18
Q

Describe how you do cystocentesis

A

Dog lays on their back. It is in the caudal abdomen. Avoid hitting the vena cava. On the back the bladder is forced to go dorsally. Insert needle at 45° angle for bladder shrinkage.

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19
Q

What are the three parts to a physical exam of urine

A

Color, transparency, smell

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20
Q

What is the normal color of urine

A

Light yellow

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21
Q

Why might urine appear red or pink in color

A

Due to the blood in the urine

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22
Q

Why does urine appear orange in color

A

Due to high concentration

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23
Q

Urine is usually clear. What may be present in the urine to give it a cloudy appearance

A

Cells

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24
Q

What does urine specific gravity measure

A

The concentration of urine

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25
Q

What instruments are used to measure the urine specific gravity

A

Refractometer

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26
Q

If the urine specific gravity is equal to that of the glomerulus filtrate, the sample is considered to be _____

A

Isotonic

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27
Q

If the urine specific gravity is less than the Glomerulus filtrate what is the solution considered to be

A

Hypotonic

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28
Q

If the urine specific gravity is greater than the glomerulus filtrate what is a solution considered to be

A

Hypertonic

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29
Q

Which animals are likely to have a more acidic pH due to their diet. Carnivores herbivores?

A

Carnivores

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30
Q

Why is it important to also include white blood cells in the sediment exam

A

To see if there is the presence of an infection

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31
Q

What is the UPC ratio test

A

Test for urine, protein, creatinine

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32
Q

What is protein in the urine called

A

Proteinuria

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33
Q

What is hematuria

A

Blood in urine

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34
Q

What is hemoglobinuria

A

Hemoglobin in the blood

35
Q

What is a pneumocystogram

A

Where they inject air Into bladder to find stones or tumors

36
Q

What does flocculent mean

A

Turbid

37
Q

What does the specific gravity test

A

Measures dissolved solids compared to water

38
Q

What is the normal pH for cat urine and USG

A

6.2-6.4 and 1.060 but should be around 1.030.

39
Q

What is the normal USG for dogs

A

1.025-1.050

40
Q

What does having bacteria In the urine do

A

Makes it more basic

41
Q

What are the three formed elements that can be found in urine sediment

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

42
Q

What cell types can be seen in a microscopic exam of urine

A

Bacterial, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, epithelial cells

43
Q

What is dystocia

A

Difficult birth

44
Q

What is A cryptorchid

A

An undecenced testicle

45
Q

What is a placenta

A

The afterbirth

46
Q

What is parturition

A

Giving birth

47
Q

What is vivoparous

A

Live bearer

48
Q

What is oviparous

A

Egg bearer

49
Q

What is a Neo Nate

A

Newborn

50
Q

What is lactation

A

Milk production

51
Q

What is meconium

A

First poop

52
Q

What is a breech delivery

A

Tell first presentation of fetus

53
Q

What is orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testicles

54
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy

A

Pregnancy outside the womb

55
Q

What is metritis

A

Inflammation of the uterus

56
Q

What is mastitis

A

Inflammation of the memory glands

57
Q

What is supranumerary teats

A

Extra Teets

58
Q

What is a uterine prolapse

A

Protrusion of uterus

59
Q

What is pneumovagina

A

Air filled vagina

60
Q

What is oligospermia

A

Low sperm count

61
Q

What is hermaphroditism

A

Both sexual organs

62
Q

What is Prostatomegaly

A

Enlarged prostate

63
Q

What is an orchidectomy

A

Removal of the testicles

64
Q

What is ovariohysterectomy

A

Removal of ovaries and uterus

65
Q

What is fetotomy

A

Cutting into a dead fetus

66
Q

What is Episiotomy

A

Cut skin to enlarge the vagina

67
Q

What is c section

A

Surgical removal of fetus

68
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

Removal of amniotic fluid

69
Q

During which stage of estrus are the progesterone levels the highest

A

Diestrus

70
Q

During which stage of estrus is there a lutenizing hormone surge

A

Proestrus

71
Q

During which stage is there bloody discharge

A

Proestrus

72
Q

During which stage is the female in standing heat

A

Estrus

73
Q

How long is the estrous cycle of a rat. How do you check for pregnancy and a rat

A

Four days. Do vaginal cytology to check for timed pregnancy

74
Q

How long is a dogs estrous cycle

A

Six months. Do vaginal cytology to check for breeding purposes

75
Q

What materials are necessary for artificial insemination

A

Catheter, semen, syringe, extender

76
Q

What is brucellosis

A

A venerial disease. Zoonosis, causes abortion and infertility

77
Q

What is a split heat

A

Heat with no ovulation and Low progesterone

78
Q

Describe how to do a vaginal cytology on a rat

A

Insert pipette into vagina, squish sailing out, drawback in, check for Milky White color. Put drop on the slide and let it air dry. When it dries stain it.

79
Q

What materials are necessary for a rat vaginal cytology

A

Gauze, gloves, pipette, Saline, slide, lube

80
Q

How old is a dog when it has its first heat

A

5 to 7 months

81
Q

What external features show the signs of estrus in a dog and cat

A

Mucousy secretions, large Vulva and rubbery.

82
Q

Do you inject all sperm when doing artificial insemination

A

No. Don’t inject all sperm, keeps him to inspect sperm quality motility and percent life to dead sperm

83
Q

When you have frozen semen what do you have to do

A

Surgical insemination

84
Q

When you have chilled sperm what do you have to do

A

Catheter insemination

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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