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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter 11 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What is prehension

A

The grasping of food

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1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A

Prehension, ingestion, mastication, digestive tract , Absorption of nutrients and water, elimination of waste

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2
Q

What is ingestion

A

The taking in of food

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3
Q

What is mastication

A

Chewing of food

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4
Q

What is the digestive tract

A

Also known as G.I. tract, alimentary canal

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5
Q

List the layers of tissue that compose the wall of the G.I. tract from superficial to deep

A
  1. Serosa.
  2. Muscularis composed of longitudinal muscle layer and circular muscle layer
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa
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6
Q

What is the serosa.

A

Serosa is a serous membrane which is the outermost layer of the wall of the G.I. tract

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7
Q

What is the serosa composed of

A

Epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria

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8
Q

What is the function of the serosa

A

Protection and secretion, serous fluid reduces friction between layers

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9
Q

What is the muscularis externa composed of

A

Mainly composed of involuntary smooth muscle. Longitudinal and circular

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10
Q

What is the longitudinal smooth muscle do in the muscularis externa

A

Shorten tube

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11
Q

What does the circular smooth muscle layer of the muscularis externa do

A

Constricts the tube

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12
Q

What do the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle in the muscularis externa aid in

A

The aid in the propulsion of food from the esophagus to the rectum. By means of peristalsis and segmentation

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13
Q

What are sphincters

A

Thickened rings of circular smooth muscle which act like valves throughout the tract

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14
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found

A

Mouth, pharynx, cranial portion of the esophagus, and external anal sphincter

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15
Q

What is the skeletal muscle used for

A

Aids in chewing and swallowing, and defecation

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16
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Progressive contractions of smooth muscle propelling food down the G.I. tract

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17
Q

What is segmentation

A

Alternating contractions move food back-and-forth to mix and slow progress down in G.I. tract

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18
Q

What is the submucosa and what does it contain

A

The submucosa is a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, follicles, nerves. Elastic fibers allow stretching and restoration of shape

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19
Q

What is the mucosa and what does it contain

A

The mucosa is a mucous membrane which is the innermost layer. Contains epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

What are the functions of the mucosa

A

Secretion: mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. Absorption of nutrients and water. Protection against disease

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21
Q

What are the two anal sphincter’s

A

Internal: internal anal sphincter that’s involuntarily controlled
External: external anal sphincter voluntarily controlled

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22
Q

What are two serous membranes in the body

A

Parietal layer which lines the cavities. Visceral layer which covers organs

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23
Q

Where is plural membrane located

A

Thoracic cavity

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24
Q

Where is the peritoneal membrane located

A

Abdominal cavity

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25
Q

What is the mesentery

A

Bands of peritoneal tissue that suspend the digestive tract from the body wall. Contain blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

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26
Q

What are the digestive organs

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and, large intestine

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27
Q

What is the small intestine composed of

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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28
Q

What is the large intestine composed of

A

Colon, caecum, rectum, anus

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29
Q

What are the secondary organs

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

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30
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity

A

Location of prehension and ingestion. Beginning of mechanical breakdown and chemical digestion. Moistening/lubrication of food which aids in swallowing. Site of evaporative cooling a.k.a. Panting

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31
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with

A

Mucosa. Gums cover the jawbone

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32
Q

What are the structures of the oral cavity

A

Lips, tongue, salivary gland, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, oropharynx

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33
Q

What are the salivary glands

A

Paired exocrine glands with ducts that lead to oral cavity. Produces and releases saliva. Continuous production is increased or decreased by various stimuli

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34
Q

What does the saliva of non-carnivores contain

A

The enzymes amylase and lipase

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35
Q

What are the functions of the salivary glands

A

Lubricate and find food together, chemical digestion of carbs and fat, neutralization of bicarbonate stomach acid, evaporative cooling and flush away debris’s, reduce overgrowth of microbial populations

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36
Q

What are the functions of teeth

A

Grasping, tearing, mastication

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37
Q

Where is the upper arcade contained

A

Contained in the maxilla and incisive bones

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38
Q

Where is the lower arcade contained

A

Contained in the mandible

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39
Q

What is the occlusial surface

A

Where the teeth come together

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40
Q

What are the four types of teeth

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the incisors

A

Grasping and snipping teeth. Most rostral teeth of upper and lower arcade

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42
Q

What are canines for

A

Tearing teeth located caudal to incisors. Longer than other teeth and pointed at the tip

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43
Q

What are premolars for

A

Cutting teeth known as the rostral cheek teeth. Has sharp points and surfaces in carnivores

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44
Q

What are the molars for

A

Grinding teeth known as caudal cheeks teeth. Contain longer, flatter occlusal surfaces

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45
Q

Describe the teeth shape of herbivores

A

Have flat occlusal surfaces that are good for grinding plant material

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46
Q

Describe the teeth shape of carnivores

A

More pointed at their occlusal surface, slightly curved caudally. Good for holding pray, tearing, cutting and shredding. They are also have carnassial Teeth

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47
Q

What are carnassial teeth

A

Found in carnivores, has a scissor like action. In the upper arcade it’s the last premolar. In the lower arcade it’s the first molar

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48
Q

What is the crown of the tooth

A

The top of the tooth

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49
Q

What is the apex of the tooth

A

Bottom of the tooth

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50
Q

What is the pulp of the tooth

A

Center of tooth

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51
Q

What is the Dentin

A

Surrounds and protects the tooth pulp

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52
Q

What is the cementum

A

The calcified layer covering the root of the tooth

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53
Q

What is enamel

A

Covers the crown of the tooth

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54
Q

What is the gingiva

A

The gums

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55
Q

What are brachydont

A

Low crown teeth. Carnivores and omnivores

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56
Q

What is hypsodont

A

High Crown teeth, continual growth which allows for eating of gritty abrasive material. Herbivores.

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57
Q

What is teeth floating in horses

A

Occlusal surfaces are smoothed with a file or a rasp

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58
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Divided into nasal and oral pharynx by soft palate. Tonsils located in the walls between mouth and pharynx. It carries water, food, gas. Muscles in muscularis assistant swallowing. Epiglottis directs food and water down digestive tract by covering larynx

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59
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus wall

A

Mucosa, submucosa, lumen, muscularis externa(circular/longitudinal) , adventitia.

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60
Q

What is the esophagus

A

The transport tube from the pharynx to the stomach. It is flaccid/collapsed when not transporting food. Muscularis is composed of upper one third skeletal muscle middle one third mixed and lower one third smooth

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61
Q

Describe the cardiac sphincter

A

We closure exception is rabbits and horses. Aids in diaphragm and filling of stomach. Mucous glands on both sides of sphincter to reduce damage by gastric acid

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62
Q

What are the predisposing factors of gastroesophageal reflux

A

Obesity, age, genetics, anesthesia

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63
Q

Describe gastroesophageal reflux

A

Inflammation which lead to ulcers which leads to perforation

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64
Q

What are the clinical signs of gastroesophageal reflux

A

Regurgitation, dysphasia, weight loss, evidence of pain

65
Q

How do you diagnose gastroesophageal reflux

A

Endoscopy

66
Q

What is the treatment for gastroesophageal reflux

A

Weight loss, drugs to reduce acid production

67
Q

What is a hiatal hernia

A

Upper portion of stomach passes through the diaphragm. Either congenital or acquired. Esophagus does not close off when stomach fills with food

68
Q

What is megaesophagus

A

Food accumulates in esophagus and or is regurgitated. Limited peristalsis, either congenital or acquired

69
Q

What is the treatment for megaesophagus

A

More liquid diet, feed in the vertical position

70
Q

What are the concerns with mega esophagus

A

Reduce nutrient intake, pneumonia due to aspirated food

71
Q

What are cats and dogs digestive systems considered to be

A

Monogastric

72
Q

What are rabbits pigs and horses digestive system is considered to be

A

Hindgut fermenters

73
Q

What a goat and cows digestive system considered to be

A

Ruminant

74
Q

What is the monogastric stomach and who has it

A

A stomach that has a single chamber. Carnivores, omnivores, equines

75
Q

Which regions are the monogastric stomach divided into

A

Cardia, fungus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus

76
Q

What is the monogastric stomach lined with

A

Folds called rugae

77
Q

Where is the lesser omentum located

A

Is anchored caudal to liver by lesser and greater Omenta

78
Q

What is the Cardia

A

Opening from the esophagus. Has a cardiac sphincter which reduces reflux

79
Q

What is the fundus

A

Distensible blind pouch. Expense as more food is swallowed, then changes shape closing off the esophagus

80
Q

What is the body

A

Distensible middle section. Fundus and body contains numerous glands.

81
Q

What do the gastric glands contain

A

Parietal cells and chief cells

82
Q

What do parietal cells produce

A

Produced hydrochloric acid

83
Q

What do chief cells produce

A

Produce the inactive enzyme pepsinogen

84
Q

What happens when Pepsinogen meets hydrochloric acid

A

Pepsin is created

85
Q

What did the mucous cells produce

A

Produce the protective mucus

86
Q

What does the pyloric Antrum do

A

Grinds up swallowed food, regulates hydrochloric acid secretion in fundus and body

87
Q

What do endocrine tissue in Antrum walls contain

A

G cells which secretes the hormone gastrin

88
Q

What is the pylorus

A

Muscular sphincter which regulates the movement of chime from the stomach into the duodenum. Prevents backflow

89
Q

What is pyloric stenosis

A

Hypertrophy of muscle reduces chime passage and causes vomiting

90
Q

What are the motor functions of the fundus and body

A

They relax with swallowing of food to allow filling

91
Q

What is the function of the body of the stomach

A

Contracts to mix food

92
Q

What is the function of the pyloric Antrum

A

Increases contractions in response to swallowing

93
Q

What is the peristalsis in the stomach and intestine controlled by

A

Controlled by parasympathetic branch. The Vegas nerve. Trigger is hormones, stretch receptors

94
Q

What is colic in horses

A

Abdominal pain which is the leading cause of death

95
Q

What are some causes of colic and horses

A

Stress, rapid diet change, stabling, dehydration, ulcers, parasites

96
Q

The different forms of colic

A

Gas colic, impaction, spasmodic

97
Q

What are the symptoms of colic

A

Discomfort, sweating, rolling, wanting to lay down, kicking flank, absence of got sounds

98
Q

What is the treatment for colic and horses

A

Pain relief, nasogastric intubation and surgery

99
Q

What does the hormone gastrin do

A

Inhibits muscle activity of the fundus to allow for filling

100
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex

A

Distention of the intestine lines or increased acidity in the duodenum inhibit stomach contraction. Delays gastric emptying to allow more time for digestion

101
Q

What does the hormone secretin do

A

Hormone released from duodenum in response to excess stomach acid in small intestine. It can cause fundus to relax and inhibit peristalsis of the body and the antrum of the stomach to slow gastric emptying

102
Q

What does the hormone cholecystokinin do

A

Hormone released from duodenum in response to large amounts of fats or protein in the duodenum. Decreases gastric contractions to slow emptying

103
Q

What are the different gastric secretions

A

Pepcinogen, intrinsic factor, hydrochloric acid, mucus, bicarbonate ions, gastrin

104
Q

What is Pepcinogen

A

Secreted by chief cells. Precursor for the enzyme pepsin which hydrolyzes proteins

105
Q

What is the intrinsic factor

A

Secreted by parietal cells, required for vitamin B12 absorption by small intestine time in some species. Vitamin B 12 is important to nervous systems development and blood formation

106
Q

What is mucus

A

Complexes substances, mucin is a protein produced by goblet cells. Provides a coating for the stomach against acidic gastric environment. Must be secreted continuously. Reduction in mucus coat can lead to gastric ulcers

107
Q

What is the bicarbonate ion

A

Alkalinizes the mucus

108
Q

What is hydrochloric acid

A

Secreted by parietal cells as separate ions. Low pH inhibits gastrin release. Receptors on parietal cells for gastrin histamine and acetylcholine involved in regard in regulation of H+ and cl- secretion. Selectively blocking one of these receptors decreases the production of stomach acid

109
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

Local regulators released by various tissues with a variety of actions. Initiation of inflammation , regulate estrous cycle, vasodilation or bronchial dilation. In initiation of inflammation and vasodilation inhibits gastric release. It stimulates the gastric glands to produce the bicarbonate ion. it enhances blood flow to the stomach and aids in repair of mucosa by regulating the activity of Macrophages and mast cells

110
Q

What are NSAIDs

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

111
Q

What do NSAIDs do

A

Reduces beneficial effects of prostaglandins on gastric mucosa. Can lead to gastritis, gastric ulcers and perforation

112
Q

Describe the ruminant stomach

A

For chambers and three fore stomachs, reticulum, rumen, omasum. The true stomach is abomasum

113
Q

What is rumination

A

Repeated regurgitation and swallowing of food. Adaptation for herbivorous diet

114
Q

What is the reticulum

A

Smallest, most cranial compartment and is separated from the rumen by the ruminoreticular fold. Continuous muscular wall so compartments contract together. The lining is composed of honeycomb folds which increase surface area. Location of hardware disease

115
Q

What is hardware disease

A

Sharp objects are consumed and become lodged in the reticulum and can pierced through stomach wall can cause pericarditis

116
Q

What is the treatment of hardware disease

A

Oral administration of large magnets, also given product preventatively. Magnets remain in reticulum for life

117
Q

What is the rumen

A

Large fermentation vat which is lined with finger like papilla. Series of muscular sacs partially separated by long folds of rumen walls called pillars. Pillars aid in mixing and stirring of rumen contents

118
Q

What is reticuloruminal contractions

A

Allow partially digested plant food to be regurgitated. Allow built up carbon dioxide or methane gas to be expelled from the Rumen

119
Q

What is the rumen

A

Site of fermentation. Anaerobic cellular respiration

120
Q

Describe the anaerobic cellular respiration which occurs in the rumen

A

Microbes Convert cellulose into simple sugars then convert them to VFA. Proteins also digested and converted to VFA or nh3. microbes form proteins and amino acids used by ruminants. Ruminants absorbs VFA in Omasum and metabolizes them back into glucose or fats

121
Q

What is the omasum or abomasum

A

Reticulorumen contractions move ingested material into the abomasum Muscular organ with many muscular folds. Mechanically breaks food particles down further. Absorbs VFA and water. Removes B+ carbonate ions

122
Q

What is the Abomasum

A

True stomach which is located ventrally. Functions much the same as a monogastric stomach

123
Q

What is a displaced abomasum

A

Abomasum is loosely anchored in abdomen. Most common after calving or if it fills with gas.

124
Q

What is the treatment for a displaced abomasum

A

Surgery or rolling cow on her back

125
Q

Describe newborn ruminant digestion

A

G.I. track functions primarily as a monogastric digestive system. Rumen and reticular are nonfunctional at birth. Bypassed by Reticular groove carrying material from esophagus to Abomasum. Rate of development of the rumen and reticulum are affected by type of diet. Milk versus grain

126
Q

Describe the small intestine

A

The site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

127
Q

Describe the duodenum

A

First short segment that leaves the stomach. Separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter

128
Q

Describe the jejunum

A

The longest portion of the small intestine

129
Q

Describe the ileum

A

Separated from the colon, the large intestine by the ileocecal sphincter

130
Q

Describe the ileocecal sphincter

A

It regulates the movement of materials from the small intestine into the colon and cecum. Parasympathetic stimulation increases activity

131
Q

Describe the small intestine mucosa

A

Lined with folds called villi. Epithelial cells, Enterocytes have a microvilli brush border that has a few days of life. It’s job is to absorb nutrients. The folds contain blood vessels and lymph lacteals which absorb fats

132
Q

What is an intestinal crypt

A

Invagination’s of mucosa at the base of each villus, containing a variety of cell types

133
Q

What do stem cells do in the intestinal crypts

A

They produce new cells to replace villi cells, enterocytes

134
Q

What do goblet cells do

A

Produce and secrete mucus

135
Q

What do Entero endocrine cells do

A

Produce and secrete hormones such as CCK or secretin

136
Q

What do paneth cells do

A

Produce antimicrobial peptides part of innate immune system

137
Q

What is acute diarrhea or porcine epidemic diarrhea

A

Highly contagious viral disease causes destruction of mucosal cells, death of microflora of the large intestine. Due to pathogen and sudden diet change, drug therapy. Example parvovirus, panleukopenia virus

138
Q

What are the two methods of motility in the small intestine

A

Peristalsis and segmentation.

139
Q

What are peristalsis and segmentation considered

A

Coordinated contractions of muscularis externa

140
Q

What is diarrhea sometimes due to

A

Decreased segmentation, not increased peristalsis. Some antidiarrheal drugs act to increase segmentation.

141
Q

What signals the peristalsis and segmentation to start

A

Reflexes in response to stretching. CCK and PGs may also stimulate intestinal motility

142
Q

Describe small intestine digestion

A

Small molecules from stomach or absorbed. Electrolytes, water and vitamins. Larger molecules require chemical digestion such as carbohydrates, proteins and peptides and fats

143
Q

What does chemical digestion involve

A

Enzymes in the lumen of the intestine. And enzymes associated with the microvilli membrane

144
Q

Describe carbohydrate digestion for a polysaccharide

A

Enzymes released by pancreas. Amylase. Digestion occurs in lumen of duodenum

145
Q

Describe chemical digestion for disaccharides

A

Enzymes are in microvilli cell. membrane. Monosaccharides transported into Enterocytes then into capillaries. Enzyme production is influenced by age and diet

146
Q

Describe protein digestion in general

A

In the stomach Pepcid digest some proteins and turns them into smaller polypeptides

147
Q

What are the pancreatic proteases in protein digestion

A

Polypeptides are turned into smaller polypeptides by five pancreatic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase

148
Q

What is the peptidases in protein digestion

A

The peptidases and brush border make smaller peptides turn into tripeptides dipeptides And amino acids that are then absorbed by Enterocytes

149
Q

What is the first step of fat digestion

A

Mechanical breakdown by agitation in pyloric Antrum, breaks down fat globules, triglycerides, into smaller droplets equals emulsification.

150
Q

What is the second step in fat digestion

A

Bile coats the fat droplets in duodenum to preserve emulsification, and allow them to be water-soluble

151
Q

What is the third step in fat digestion

A

Pancreatic Lipases turn triglycerides into glycerol, fatty acid, monoglyceride which is glycerol and a fatty acid. Then the small molecules called micelles are absorbed by Enterocytes. Fat soluble vitamins ADEK often incorporated into micelles and absorbed. They then enter lymph lacteals

152
Q

What is the first step of digestion in the large intestine of herbivores

A

The caecum is a blind sac at ileocecal Junction which is the site of microbial digestion. The colon has some microbial digestion and all species. the rectum leads to the Anus. No enzymes released, all species have large microbial population, most important to nonruminant herbivores such as hindgut fermenters

153
Q

Describe the first step of digestion in the large intestine of carnivores

A

The caecum is underdeveloped and largely nonfunctional. The colon is simple and tubular. It is the site of peristalsis and segmentation to form and move feces. Microbial flora assist in the production of vitamins.

154
Q

Describe digestion in the large intestine of hindgut fermenters

A

Nonruminant herbivores such as horses and rabbits and omnivores such as rodents and swine. Large caecum and colon. both are hindgut. Both are the fermentation site similar to fermentation in ruminants.

155
Q

What are bends in tracts called

A

Flexures. They’re areas of potential obstruction. Impaction colic.

156
Q

Describe the rectum

A

Terminal portion of large intestine. Nervous system control of motility and secretions is similar to that of the colon. Numerous mucus secreting glands lubricate and aid the passage of contents. Sensory receptors detect stretching and stimulates the defecation response

157
Q

Describe the anus

A

Composed of internal and Extertal muscular sprinters. As was the rectum distends, stretch receptors in the rectum wall cause partial relaxation of the internal sphincter. Perianal trauma can damage muscle and nerves causing fecal incontinence

158
Q

Describe the digestive system functions of the pancreas

A

Production of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase, proteases and lipase
Secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum which helps neutralize acidity of gastric chime and maintains the pH of the duodenum needed for enzyme function. Produces insulin and glucagon which helps regulate blood glucose levels

159
Q

Describe the digestive functions of the liver

A

Produces bile which is stored in gallbladder. In rodents and horses there’s no gallbladder. Removes and neutralizes toxins that enters the body through the G.I. tract. Stores or metabolizes nutrients absorbed by the G.I. tract. Site of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis.

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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