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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter 8 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

What is a heart in the cardiovascular system

A

It is the pump

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1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system

A

It carries the products of other systems

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2
Q

What is the vessels in the cardiovascular system

A

The transport tubes

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3
Q

What is blood in the cardiovascular system

A

Carries nutrients wastes and gases and hormones, defensive proteins and cells

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4
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum. Area between lungs on top of diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

The inter-plural space

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6
Q

What surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium. Fibrous outer layer and double serous layer

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7
Q

Between which ribs is the heart located in dogs and cats

A

The third and seventh rib

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8
Q

Between which ribs is the heart located for horses and ruminants

A

Between the second and sixth rib

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9
Q

What are the layers of the heart

A

Pericardium myocardium and endocardium

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10
Q

What is endocardium made up of

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is pericardial effusion

A

Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid between visceral and Parietal layers. Outer fibrous layer is not elastic, thus heart cannot fully explain during contractions. Pressure is relieved by aspiration of serous fluid.

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12
Q

Describe the systemic circulation of blood

A

Blood flow between heart and body tissues

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13
Q

Describe the pulmonary circulation blood flow

A

Blood flow between heart and lungs

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14
Q

Describe blood flow through the body

A

One-way flow through the heart and blood vessels. Valves in heart and veins prevent backflow

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15
Q

What is the function of the coronary vessels

A

Service the heart tissue, located on external surface. Can be considered part of systemic circulation

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16
Q

What is a systole

A

A cardiac contraction

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17
Q

What is a diastole

A

Cardiac relaxation

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18
Q

What are auricles

A

Flaps of the atria

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19
Q

What are coronary vessels

A

Vessels that service heart tissue

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20
Q

What is the interval ventricular sulcus

A

It separates the ventricles

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21
Q

What is the coronary sulcus

A

Separates atriums

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22
Q

Which side is the tricuspid valve for the heart best auscultated on

A

The right side

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23
Q

Describe the hearts location

A

The apex Curves caudally

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24
Q

Describe the blood delivery system

A

The heart to the artery to the arteriole to the capillary to the venule to the vein to the heart

25
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from the heart. Oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

26
Q

What to capillaries do

A

Contact tissue cells. Directly serve cellular needs. Site of diffusion

27
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood toward heart

28
Q

What is the lumen (in blood vessel)

A

Central blood containing space

29
Q

How many layers does the lumen have

A

Three layers in the walls of arteries and veins. Smooth muscle, connective tissue and endothelium

30
Q

Where are the capillaries located in the lumen

A

In the endothelium only

31
Q

Describe arteries

A

Blood under higher pressure. Thicker walls more elastic fibers and smooth muscle

32
Q

Describe veins

A

Blood under lower pressure. Valves prevent backflow skeletal muscles help push blood

33
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Found in all tissue except for cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of Eye. ligaments and tendons are poorly vascularized. Provide direct access to almost every cell

34
Q

What are the functions of capillaries

A

Exchange of gasses, nutrients, waste, hormones, defense.

35
Q

Describe fetal circulation

A

The placenta is an organ of gas, nutrients, waste, exchange thus blood flow to the kidneys and lungs from G.I. tract is minimal

36
Q

Describe the umbilical cord

A

Vein carries oxygenated blood flow from placenta to fetus via the ductus venosus. Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta. Blood entering the right atrium can bypass lungs by the foreman ovale or ductus arteriosus.

37
Q

What is pda

A

Patent ductus arteriosus. Vessel. Does not close afterbirth causing in adequate oxygenation. Most common congenital heart problem and dogs

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of PDA

A

Shortness of breath, coughing, general weakness, exercise intolerance

39
Q

How do you diagnose PDA

A

Auscultation for a murmur or an electro cardiogram

40
Q

What is the treatment for PDA

A

Surgically close the ductus arteriosus

41
Q

What are the signs of persistent right aortic arch condition

A

During normal fetal development or changes in the blood vessels. This vascular ring should’ve disappeared prior to birth it remains constricting the esophagus in the area dorsal to the heart.

42
Q

What is it called when the esophagus is constricted between the ligamentum arteriosum and the aorta

A

PRAA

43
Q

What is in atrial systole

A

The contraction of the atria. Blood moves from atria to the ventricles

44
Q

What is a Ventricular systole

A

The contraction of ventricles. Blood moves from ventricles to arteries

45
Q

What is an atrial diastole

A

The relaxation of the atria. Atria refills with blood

46
Q

What is a ventricular diastole

A

The relaxation of ventricles. Ventricles begin to refill with blood

47
Q

What is the lub sound mean

A

The closing of the AV valves. Mitral valve is best heard on the left side. Tricuspid valve is best heard on the right side

48
Q

What is the dup sound mean

A

The closing of the semilunar valve. Both pulmonary and aortic valve’s best heard on left side

49
Q

How does the heart conduct

A

Cardiac muscles able to generate its own electrical impulse to signal contraction

50
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do

A

Initiates heart beat by depolarizing the cells. Depolarization and eventual repolarization continue throughout the heart.

51
Q

What is the order of cardiac conduction

A

The SA node to the AV node to the AV bundles to the purkinje fibers

52
Q

How do you measure cardiac conduction

A

Measured by an electrocardiogram

53
Q

Why is there a delay between the depolarization of the SA node and the AV node

A

So the atrium can fill with blood

54
Q

What does an electrocardiogram do

A

It measures cardiac electrical activity to depolarization and repolarization

55
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

Amount of blood that leaves the heart. Cardiac output is equal to heart rate plus stroke volume

56
Q

What is the heart rate dependent on

A

The rate of SA node depolarization. The cardiac output is influenced by exercise, autonomic nervous system and blood pressure

57
Q

Describe digital pulses in horses

A

Normally the pulse is weak. If there’s a significant problem in the foot such as abscess or laminitis pulse will be stronger due to constriction of vessels in foot

58
Q

What does afferent mean

A

Sends signal towards an organ

59
Q

What does efferent mean

A

Sends a signal away from an organ

60
Q

What is mitral valve disease

A

Mitral valve doesn’t close properly. Causes endocarditis or endocardiosis, ruptured cordae tendinae. Endocardiosis is most common in small dogs. Can lead to pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure

61
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

Progressive disorder due to problems with blood flow through heart. Blood backs up. Right side causes ascites and left causes pulmonary edema

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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