Comparitive Anatomy Flashcards
Briefly describe reptiles that are non-avian
Ectothermic oviparous and Viviparous amniotes
Briefly describe birds
Highly evolved reptiles, and endothermic, Oviparous amniotes
Briefly describe amphibians
Ectothermic, oviparous, viviparous and pulmocutaneous respiration
Briefly describe fish
Ectothermic, oviparous, viviparous, gills
Describe five key differences of a birds respiratory system then versus a mammal
- entrance to trachea is the glottis at the base of the tongue different then the opening to the digestive tract.
- No diaphragm expiration relies on their abdominal muscles.
- lungs are rigid and do not expand when filled with air.
- air sacs fill body cavities and spaces in large bones.
- have continuous flow of air through the lungs (not tidal)
What is a Choana
Slit between nasal and oral cavities
What is a glottis
Opening to larynx. Contains no epiglottis. Sound is produced in syrinx
Where is the syrinx located
Right before the bronchial split
How many air sacs do most birds have
Nine in addition to two lungs
Where does gas exchange occurs in birds
Gas exchange only occurs in the lungs. Air sacs of her storage lightning the body for flight and thermal regulation
Describe the cycle of gas exchange in birds
Gas exchange incurs in the small parabronchi that are surrounded by capillories. Two cycles are required to expel the air. Due to high efficiency of respiratory system birds are very sensitive to toxic fumes and inhalant anesthesia
Describe the respiratory system of non-avian reptiles
Lack a true diaphragm. Use ribs and abs. Require much less oxygen due to low metabolism.
Where is the glottis located in non-avian reptiles
At the bottom of the tongue. Snake can move the glottis laterally while feeding.
Do snakes have both lungs
No usually they only have the right lung
How do aquatic turtles breathe underwater
Cloacal respiration
Describe the respiratory system of amphibians
Simple lungs with few to no lobes. Reduced/no ribs force air down by pushing up floor of mouth– positive pressure breathing. Also respire through skin and mouth thus surfaces must remain moist
Describe the cardiovascular system as birds
Four chambered heart with no mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.
What are three key differences in the cardio system of birds versus mammals
- Large arteries supplying flight muscles and wings.
- Some birds have a countercurrent heat exchange system in legs to reduce heat loss and conserve energy. 3. Birds and reptiles have a renal portal system which can shunt blood from the caudal region to kidneys or vena cava
What’s different about the leukocytes in birds and reptiles
Neutrophils are actually called heterophils
What’s different about The erythrocytes in birds and reptiles
There oval and nucleated
What’s different about thrombocytes in birds and reptiles
There nucleated
Where is the heart in reptiles
The location varies with the species. Snake hearts are mobile to comedy ingestion of large pray.
Do reptile hearts have three chambers or four
Most have three Chambers but ventricle is partially divided to reduce mixing
What can aquatic reptiles and feeding snakes do
Shunt blood away from the pulmonary circulation.