Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
0
Q
What is abnormal accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity
A
Pneumothorax
1
Q
What is epitaxis
A
Nose bleed
2
Q
What is abnormal accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
A
Hemothorax
3
Q
What is pus in the pleural cavity
A
Pyothorax
4
Q
What is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
A
Pleural effusion
5
Q
What is abnormally rapid respiratory rate
A
Tachypnea
6
Q
What is paralysis of the voice box
A
Laryngoplasia
7
Q
What is a chronic allergy condition causing bronchoconstriction
A
Bronchitis
8
Q
What is inhalation of foreign substance into respiratory tract
A
Aspiration
9
Q
What is abnormally rapid, deep breaths that may lead to hypocapnia
A
Decreased CO2
10
Q
What is rhinitis
A
Inflammation of mucus membranes in nose
11
Q
What is uri
A
Upper respiratory tract infection
12
Q
What is aphonation
A
Cannot produce sounds with vocal folds
13
Q
What is acute bronchitis
A
Intense inflammation of the bronchi
14
Q
What is pulmonary edema
A
Liquid/air in lungs
15
Q
What is rhinorrhea
A
Runny nose
16
Q
What is Tachypnea
A
Fast breathing
17
Q
What is copd
A
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
18
Q
What is antitissuant
A
Anti cough drug
19
Q
What is lobectomy
A
Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ
20
Q
What is spirometer
A
Measures volume of air inspired/expired by lungs
21
Q
What is pharyngoplasty
A
Change shape and function of soft palate and pharynx
22
Q
What is a puncture of the chest wall for the purpose of removing removing fluid or gas
A
Thoracocentesis
23
Q
What instrument is used to examine the voice box during intubation
A
Laryngoscope
24
What is difficulty urinating
Dysuria
25
What is complete suppression of urination
Anuria
26
What is excessive urination
Polyuria
27
What is crf
Chronic renal failure
28
What is arf
Acute renal failure
29
What is uti
Urinary tract infection
30
What is pu/pd
Polyuria/polydipsia
31
What is glucouria
Lots of sugar in urine
32
What is hematuria
Blood in the urine
33
What is pyuria
Pus in the urine
34
What is cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
35
What is nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys
36
What is ureterolith
Stone in ureter
37
What is surgical puncture of the bladder to collect urine
Cystocentesis
38
What is a visual examination of the bladder using fiberoptic instrument
Cystoscopy
39
What is examination of urine and its components
Urinalysis
40
What is cystoplasty
Reconstruction of bladder
41
What is nephrectomy
Removal of a kidney
42
What is lithotripsy
Destruction of stones
43
What is diuretic
Prevents reabsorption of water
44
How do you histologically identify ureters
Transitional epithelium, smooth muscle and adipose
45
How do you histologically identify urinary bladder
Smooth muscle and connective tissue
46
How do you histologically identify kidneys
Transitional and columnar epithelium.
Cortex: tubules
Medulla: columnar epithelium
47
How do you histologically identify anemia
Lots of wbc
| Polychromasia
48
How do you histologically identify regenerative anemia
Lots of immature rbc (reticulocytes)
49
How do you histologically identify hemobartinella
Small circles on edge of rbc that destroys them
50
How do you histologically identify lymphoma
Lots of wbc ( Possible 2 nuclei )
| Lots of malformed rbc
51
How do you histologically identify pyometra
Lots of toxic neutrophils
| Rbc are rouleau and look like vines
52
How do you histologically identify lungs
Smooth muscle, lamina propria, bronchial epithelium
53
How do you histologically identify nasal epithelium
Hyaline cartilage
54
What are the characteristics of a erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
55
What are the characteristics of leukocytes
Nucleated
56
What are the characteristics of neutrophils
2-6 lobes in nucleus. lavender granules
57
what are the characteristics of lymphocytes
Circular nuclei and blue cytoplasm
58
what are the characteristics of monocytes
pale blue cytoplasm and kidney shaped nucleus
59
what are the characteristics of Eosinophils
bilobed nuclear's and red granules
60
what are the characteristics of basophils
deep purple nucleus with 1 to 2 constrictions. Purpleish black granules
61
what are the characteristics of thrombocytes
fragments
62
describe band neutrophils
has a curved nuclear us. Is a young neutrophil
63
describe hypersegmented neutrophils
have 6+ lobes of their nucleus
64
describe reticulocytes
immature red blood cells with no nucleus
65
what information does a PVC give you
measures level of packed red blood cells and can show anemia.
66
why do you prepare two hematocrit tubes instead of one
in case one of them leaks during the centrifuge process you still have one. And to balance the centrifuge
67
what must you do to the end of the hematocrit tube
put a plug with the Clay
68
what is the refractometer used for
used to measure total protein
69
what is aggulation
clumping of cells
70
what is rouleaux
stacking of cells
71
what is hypochromasia
low color
72
what is polychromasia
mutiple colors
73
what is hyperchromasia
dark staining
74
what is microcytes
unusually small rbc
75
what are macrocytes
unusually large rbc
76
what are normocytes
normal sized rbc
77
what are spherocytes
spherelike cells
78
what are schistocytes
fragmented portion of red blood cells
79
what are target cells
dark ring surrounding dark central spots
80
what are acanthocytes
spiky cell membrane
81
What are echinocytes
Abnormal cell membrane, many evenly shaped projections
82
What are Heinz bodies
Rbc composed of denatured hemoglobin
83
What are reticulocytes
Immature rbc
84
What are basophilic stippling
Have small dots (ribosomes) at periphery. May indicate lead poisoning
85
What is a CBC
Complete blood count. Most commonly ordered hematology test. Quantification and morphological assessment of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Can be done with an automated hematology analyzer or manually by looking at blood filma
85
What are some blood characteristic tests that can only be done manually
Morphology, looking for parasites
85
What is the hematocrit for dogs
40-59
85
What is the normal hematocrit for cats
29-50
85
How do you name decrease in 'phils' and 'cytes'
openia
85
How do you name increases in 'phils'
'Philia'
85
What is a decrease in all cell lines known as
Pancytopenia
85
What is an increase of red blood cells known as
Polycythemia
85
What is a decrease in red blood cells known as ?
Anemia
85
What is an increAse in white blood cells mean
Leukocytosis
85
What does a decrease in white blood cells mean
Leukopenia
85
What is the disadvantage to using automated counter
Can get misleading information. Could give low red blood cell values if there is a lot of agglutination. Cannot count all the cells in the clump.
85
What do you use to stain a reticulocyte
Methylene blue
85
What are the inclusions on the reticulocyte
Rna
86
Why is counting the reticulocytes useful
Can indicate whether anemia is due to low erythropoiesis or hemolysis ( ie. Production problem vs destruction problem)
87
What is needed for an abnormality to be considered significant
Need to find it in every field of view examined
88
What are the types of abnormalities
```
Color
Distribution
SiZe - anisocytosis
Shape - poikilocytosis
Inclusions
```
89
What is hypochromasia
Large central pallor, decreased Hemoglobin, could be due to iron deficiency.
90
What are polychromatophils
Make up less than 1% of red blood cells in circulation. Larger in size, purpleish, still have nuclear material. Rare in the horses
91
What is agglutination
Clumping of a erythrocytes. Often due to an immune mediated disease. Caused by the cross-linking of antibodies. Cells held together firmly.
92
What is Rouleaux
Coins. Can be an indicator of some disease, some Rouleaux present in nonruminant's especially cats and horses. Caused by weak electrostatic attraction's on cell surface. Cells held together loosely. Saline agglutination test can help distinguish between them. High amounts of plasma proteins can increase rouleaux.
93
What are Heinz bodies
Normally found in cats. Less than 10% of red blood cells. Pathological finding in other species. Result of oxidative cell injury such as red Maple poisoning in horses.
94
How do you do a white blood cell differential
Count 100 white blood cells and keep track of each type seen
95
Describe the difference between dog red blood cells and cat and horse red blood cells
Dog red blood cells are larger and tend to have a more central Paller than cats and horses. Cat red blood cells appear more spherical than horses and dogs
96
Describe the difference between eosinophils and heterophils
Eosinophils are slightly larger than heterophils. The nucleus is less segmented and the cytoplasmic granules are larger, round and bright red compared to heterophils. Granules usually completely fill the cytoplasm.
97
Which dog blood type is most anti-genic
DEA 1.1 positive. Antigen is present in 40% of the population. Universal recipient
98
What is special about DEA 1.1 negative blood type in dogs
No antigen present and it is a universal donor
99
What does major cross matching do
Recipient plasma tested with donor rbc
100
What is minor crossmatching
Recipient rbc tested with donor plasma
101
Is the first transfusion of the wrong blood type usually a problem
Nope. It's the ones after that
102
What is IMHA
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia. In this autoimmune disorder antibodies and macrophages attack the red blood cells changing their shape and reducing their total number
103
What are echinocytes
Spiky cells
104
What can cause echinocytosis
Rattlesnake venom, improper blood preparation
105
How do you name an increase in cytes
Cytosis
106
What are the three types of intubation tube
Pvc
Red rubber
Silicon
107
What is the disadvantage of red rubber
It is flexible, needs a stylet in it to guide it.
108
WhAt is the disadvantage to pvc intubation
It is really hard and might cause tissue damage
109
What is the advantage to using silicone tubes
You can see respiration Cuz they're clear
110
How do you measure the size of the intubation tube
From clavicle to muzzle
111
What are blue top tubes used for
Coagulation tests
112
What does the green blood tube have
Heparin
113
What is in purple top tubes
EDTA
114
What is in tiger top tubes
Seperator gel (like yellow tops)
