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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is abnormal accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

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1
Q

What is epitaxis

A

Nose bleed

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2
Q

What is abnormal accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

A

Hemothorax

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3
Q

What is pus in the pleural cavity

A

Pyothorax

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4
Q

What is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusion

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5
Q

What is abnormally rapid respiratory rate

A

Tachypnea

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6
Q

What is paralysis of the voice box

A

Laryngoplasia

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7
Q

What is a chronic allergy condition causing bronchoconstriction

A

Bronchitis

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8
Q

What is inhalation of foreign substance into respiratory tract

A

Aspiration

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9
Q

What is abnormally rapid, deep breaths that may lead to hypocapnia

A

Decreased CO2

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10
Q

What is rhinitis

A

Inflammation of mucus membranes in nose

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11
Q

What is uri

A

Upper respiratory tract infection

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12
Q

What is aphonation

A

Cannot produce sounds with vocal folds

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13
Q

What is acute bronchitis

A

Intense inflammation of the bronchi

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14
Q

What is pulmonary edema

A

Liquid/air in lungs

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15
Q

What is rhinorrhea

A

Runny nose

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16
Q

What is Tachypnea

A

Fast breathing

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17
Q

What is copd

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

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18
Q

What is antitissuant

A

Anti cough drug

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19
Q

What is lobectomy

A

Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ

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20
Q

What is spirometer

A

Measures volume of air inspired/expired by lungs

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21
Q

What is pharyngoplasty

A

Change shape and function of soft palate and pharynx

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22
Q

What is a puncture of the chest wall for the purpose of removing removing fluid or gas

A

Thoracocentesis

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23
Q

What instrument is used to examine the voice box during intubation

A

Laryngoscope

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24
Q

What is difficulty urinating

A

Dysuria

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25
Q

What is complete suppression of urination

A

Anuria

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26
Q

What is excessive urination

A

Polyuria

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27
Q

What is crf

A

Chronic renal failure

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28
Q

What is arf

A

Acute renal failure

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29
Q

What is uti

A

Urinary tract infection

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30
Q

What is pu/pd

A

Polyuria/polydipsia

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31
Q

What is glucouria

A

Lots of sugar in urine

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32
Q

What is hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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33
Q

What is pyuria

A

Pus in the urine

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34
Q

What is cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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35
Q

What is nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidneys

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36
Q

What is ureterolith

A

Stone in ureter

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37
Q

What is surgical puncture of the bladder to collect urine

A

Cystocentesis

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38
Q

What is a visual examination of the bladder using fiberoptic instrument

A

Cystoscopy

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39
Q

What is examination of urine and its components

A

Urinalysis

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40
Q

What is cystoplasty

A

Reconstruction of bladder

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41
Q

What is nephrectomy

A

Removal of a kidney

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42
Q

What is lithotripsy

A

Destruction of stones

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43
Q

What is diuretic

A

Prevents reabsorption of water

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44
Q

How do you histologically identify ureters

A

Transitional epithelium, smooth muscle and adipose

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45
Q

How do you histologically identify urinary bladder

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue

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46
Q

How do you histologically identify kidneys

A

Transitional and columnar epithelium.
Cortex: tubules
Medulla: columnar epithelium

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47
Q

How do you histologically identify anemia

A

Lots of wbc

Polychromasia

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48
Q

How do you histologically identify regenerative anemia

A

Lots of immature rbc (reticulocytes)

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49
Q

How do you histologically identify hemobartinella

A

Small circles on edge of rbc that destroys them

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50
Q

How do you histologically identify lymphoma

A

Lots of wbc ( Possible 2 nuclei )

Lots of malformed rbc

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51
Q

How do you histologically identify pyometra

A

Lots of toxic neutrophils

Rbc are rouleau and look like vines

52
Q

How do you histologically identify lungs

A

Smooth muscle, lamina propria, bronchial epithelium

53
Q

How do you histologically identify nasal epithelium

A

Hyaline cartilage

54
Q

What are the characteristics of a erythrocytes

A

Biconcave disks

55
Q

What are the characteristics of leukocytes

56
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils

A

2-6 lobes in nucleus. lavender granules

57
Q

what are the characteristics of lymphocytes

A

Circular nuclei and blue cytoplasm

58
Q

what are the characteristics of monocytes

A

pale blue cytoplasm and kidney shaped nucleus

59
Q

what are the characteristics of Eosinophils

A

bilobed nuclear’s and red granules

60
Q

what are the characteristics of basophils

A

deep purple nucleus with 1 to 2 constrictions. Purpleish black granules

61
Q

what are the characteristics of thrombocytes

62
Q

describe band neutrophils

A

has a curved nuclear us. Is a young neutrophil

63
Q

describe hypersegmented neutrophils

A

have 6+ lobes of their nucleus

64
Q

describe reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells with no nucleus

65
Q

what information does a PVC give you

A

measures level of packed red blood cells and can show anemia.

66
Q

why do you prepare two hematocrit tubes instead of one

A

in case one of them leaks during the centrifuge process you still have one. And to balance the centrifuge

67
Q

what must you do to the end of the hematocrit tube

A

put a plug with the Clay

68
Q

what is the refractometer used for

A

used to measure total protein

69
Q

what is aggulation

A

clumping of cells

70
Q

what is rouleaux

A

stacking of cells

71
Q

what is hypochromasia

72
Q

what is polychromasia

A

mutiple colors

73
Q

what is hyperchromasia

A

dark staining

74
Q

what is microcytes

A

unusually small rbc

75
Q

what are macrocytes

A

unusually large rbc

76
Q

what are normocytes

A

normal sized rbc

77
Q

what are spherocytes

A

spherelike cells

78
Q

what are schistocytes

A

fragmented portion of red blood cells

79
Q

what are target cells

A

dark ring surrounding dark central spots

80
Q

what are acanthocytes

A

spiky cell membrane

81
Q

What are echinocytes

A

Abnormal cell membrane, many evenly shaped projections

82
Q

What are Heinz bodies

A

Rbc composed of denatured hemoglobin

83
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

Immature rbc

84
Q

What are basophilic stippling

A

Have small dots (ribosomes) at periphery. May indicate lead poisoning

85
Q

What is a CBC

A

Complete blood count. Most commonly ordered hematology test. Quantification and morphological assessment of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Can be done with an automated hematology analyzer or manually by looking at blood filma

85
Q

What are some blood characteristic tests that can only be done manually

A

Morphology, looking for parasites

85
Q

What is the hematocrit for dogs

85
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for cats

85
Q

How do you name decrease in ‘phils’ and ‘cytes’

85
Q

How do you name increases in ‘phils’

A

‘Philia’

85
Q

What is a decrease in all cell lines known as

A

Pancytopenia

85
Q

What is an increase of red blood cells known as

A

Polycythemia

85
Q

What is a decrease in red blood cells known as ?

85
Q

What is an increAse in white blood cells mean

A

Leukocytosis

85
Q

What does a decrease in white blood cells mean

A

Leukopenia

85
Q

What is the disadvantage to using automated counter

A

Can get misleading information. Could give low red blood cell values if there is a lot of agglutination. Cannot count all the cells in the clump.

85
Q

What do you use to stain a reticulocyte

A

Methylene blue

85
Q

What are the inclusions on the reticulocyte

86
Q

Why is counting the reticulocytes useful

A

Can indicate whether anemia is due to low erythropoiesis or hemolysis ( ie. Production problem vs destruction problem)

87
Q

What is needed for an abnormality to be considered significant

A

Need to find it in every field of view examined

88
Q

What are the types of abnormalities

A 
Color
Distribution
SiZe - anisocytosis
Shape - poikilocytosis
Inclusions
89
Q

What is hypochromasia

A

Large central pallor, decreased Hemoglobin, could be due to iron deficiency.

90
Q

What are polychromatophils

A

Make up less than 1% of red blood cells in circulation. Larger in size, purpleish, still have nuclear material. Rare in the horses

91
Q

What is agglutination

A

Clumping of a erythrocytes. Often due to an immune mediated disease. Caused by the cross-linking of antibodies. Cells held together firmly.

92
Q

What is Rouleaux

A

Coins. Can be an indicator of some disease, some Rouleaux present in nonruminant’s especially cats and horses. Caused by weak electrostatic attraction’s on cell surface. Cells held together loosely. Saline agglutination test can help distinguish between them. High amounts of plasma proteins can increase rouleaux.

93
Q

What are Heinz bodies

A

Normally found in cats. Less than 10% of red blood cells. Pathological finding in other species. Result of oxidative cell injury such as red Maple poisoning in horses.

94
Q

How do you do a white blood cell differential

A

Count 100 white blood cells and keep track of each type seen

95
Q

Describe the difference between dog red blood cells and cat and horse red blood cells

A

Dog red blood cells are larger and tend to have a more central Paller than cats and horses. Cat red blood cells appear more spherical than horses and dogs

96
Q

Describe the difference between eosinophils and heterophils

A

Eosinophils are slightly larger than heterophils. The nucleus is less segmented and the cytoplasmic granules are larger, round and bright red compared to heterophils. Granules usually completely fill the cytoplasm.

97
Q

Which dog blood type is most anti-genic

A

DEA 1.1 positive. Antigen is present in 40% of the population. Universal recipient

98
Q

What is special about DEA 1.1 negative blood type in dogs

A

No antigen present and it is a universal donor

99
Q

What does major cross matching do

A

Recipient plasma tested with donor rbc

100
Q

What is minor crossmatching

A

Recipient rbc tested with donor plasma

101
Q

Is the first transfusion of the wrong blood type usually a problem

A

Nope. It’s the ones after that

102
Q

What is IMHA

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia. In this autoimmune disorder antibodies and macrophages attack the red blood cells changing their shape and reducing their total number

103
Q

What are echinocytes

A

Spiky cells

104
Q

What can cause echinocytosis

A

Rattlesnake venom, improper blood preparation

105
Q

How do you name an increase in cytes

106
Q

What are the three types of intubation tube

A

Pvc
Red rubber
Silicon

107
Q

What is the disadvantage of red rubber

A

It is flexible, needs a stylet in it to guide it.

108
Q

WhAt is the disadvantage to pvc intubation

A

It is really hard and might cause tissue damage

109
Q

What is the advantage to using silicone tubes

A

You can see respiration Cuz they’re clear

110
Q

How do you measure the size of the intubation tube

A

From clavicle to muzzle

111
Q

What are blue top tubes used for

A

Coagulation tests

112
Q

What does the green blood tube have

113
Q

What is in purple top tubes

114
Q

What is in tiger top tubes

A

Seperator gel (like yellow tops)

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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