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Biology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sexual reproduction require?

A
  • Production of functional gametes
  • Fertilization forms zygote
  • Zygote – adult
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2
Q

Where are gametes produced?

A

-Gonads (testes in seminiferous tubules and ovaries produce oocytes-eggs)

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3
Q

Which species include hermaphrodites?

A

-Hydra and earthworm

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4
Q

What is gametogenesis called in males? Females?

A
  • Spermatogenesis

- Oogenesis

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5
Q

Internal fertilization is practiced by…

A

..terrestrial vertebrates.

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6
Q

Do females produce more or less eggs in external fertilization?

A
  • More

- Less chance for fertilization

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7
Q

What other factors decrease amount of eggs produced?

A
  • Species cares for young

- Development occurs inside mother’s body

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8
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

-Scrotum 2-4*C

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9
Q

Trace the path of sperm.

A

Testes –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> glans

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10
Q

What systems is the urethra involved in for men?

A

-Reproductive and excretory

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11
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

-Testes

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12
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

-Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

Describe spermatogenesis.

A

Diploid spermatogonia differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes –> meiosis –> haploid secondary spermatocytes –> meiosis –> 4 haploid spermatids –> spermatozoa (mature sperm)

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14
Q

What is in the head of the sperm?

A

-Nucleus

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15
Q

What is in the neck/body of the sperm?

A

-Mitochondria

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16
Q

What is the acrosome?

A
  • Caplike structure derived from GOlgi that develops over the anterior half of head
  • Contains enzymes needed to penetrate ovum
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17
Q

What are follicles in the ovaries?

A
  • Multilayered sacs of cells that contain, nourish, protect the immature ovum
  • Produces estrogen
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18
Q

Follow the path of an immature ovum.

A

Released from ovary –> abdominal cavity –> drawn by cilia into oviduct (fallopian tube) –> uterus –> cervix

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19
Q

Where does fetal fevelopment occur?

A

-Uterus

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20
Q

What is the narrow end of the uterus called?

A

-Cervix

21
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

-Ovarian follicles

22
Q

When have most of the immature ova (primary oocytes) formed?

A

-At birth of female

23
Q

What are primary oocytes?

A

-Diploid cells formed by mitosis that will be released once a month to complete meiosis I

24
Q

What forms after meiosis I of primary oocyte?

A

-One secondary oocyte and a small polar body

25
Q

What occurs to the secondary oocyte?

A

-Expelled from follicle during ovulation and undergoes meiosis II after fertilization triggered by one of the layers being penetrated

26
Q

What are the two layers that surround the oocyte cell membrane?

A
  • Inner zone pellucida layer

- Outer corona radiata layer

27
Q

What forms from meiosis II of secondary oocyte?

A
  • Mature ovum and another polar body

- Mature ovum contains cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, nutrients for embryo

28
Q

Where are female sex hormones produced?

A
  • Ovaries

- Estrogen, progesterone secretion regulated by LH and FSH which is regulated by GnRH

29
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Stimulate development of female reproductive tract
  • Secondary sex traits
  • Influence libido
  • Thickening of endometrium (inner lining of uterine wall)
  • Secreted by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
30
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Corpus luteum secretes during luteal phase
  • Dev/maintenance of endometrium prepare for implantation
31
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase –> Ovulation –> Luteal phase –> Menstruation (–>Fertilization does not occur)

32
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Cessation of menstrual flow from previous cycle

- FSH –> dev follicles –> secrete estrogen

33
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Mid-cycle
  • Mature ovarian follicle bursts –> ovum
  • Caused by surge in LH, preceded by peak estrogen
34
Q

When does ovulation not occur?

A

-Pregnancy, lactation, menopause

35
Q

What occurs in menopause?

A
  • Ovaries less sensitive to FSH and LH and atrophy
  • Follicles disappear
  • Estrogen/progesterone decrease
  • Ovulation stops
36
Q

What occurs during luteal phase?

A

-LH maintains corpus luteum

37
Q

What occurs during menstruation?

A
  • Corpus luteum atrophies

- Progesterone/Estrogen decrease –> endometrium slough off

38
Q

What does the developing placenta produce to maintain the corpus luteum and progersterone/estrogen?

A

-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropic)

39
Q

When can the egg be fertilized?

A

12-24 hrs after ovulation at lateral/widest portion of fallopian tube

40
Q

How many days does sperm remain viable?

A

1-2 days after intercourse

41
Q

What is the course the sperm travels to fertilize egg?

A

Vaginal canal –> Cervix –> Uterus –> Fallopian tubes –> ovum

42
Q

What is the first barrier the sperm must penetrate?

A

-Corona radiata then zona pellucida (acrosome enzymes)

43
Q

What occurs when sperm makes contact with the ovum membrane?

A

-Form tube-like structure (acrosomal process) to fuse allowing sperm nucleus to enter ovum’s cytoplasm

44
Q

When does the ovum complete meiosis II?

A

-When sperm enters ovum’s cytoplasm

45
Q

What is the cortical reaction resulting from acrosomal process?

A

-Ca++ released to cytoplasm –> form fertilization membrane and increases metabolic rate of ovum

46
Q

What is the fertilization membrane?

A

-Hard layer surrounding ovum cell membrane to prevent multiple fertilizations

47
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A
  • Mono is single zygote splitting into two embryos (identical)
  • Di is two ova released and fertilized by diff sperm (fraternal)
48
Q

At which stage of splitting will the embryo have separate chorions/placentas?

A
  • 2-cell stage

- At blastula stage, embryos have one chorionic sac and one placenta/possibly one amnion

49
Q

In dizygotic twins, how does implantation occur?

A

-Individually, produce separate placenta, amnion, chorion

Biology (17 decks)

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