Reproductive System Flashcards by Leora Truong

What does sexual reproduction require?

Production of functional gametes
Fertilization forms zygote
Zygote – adult

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Where are gametes produced?

-Gonads (testes in seminiferous tubules and ovaries produce oocytes-eggs)

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Which species include hermaphrodites?

-Hydra and earthworm

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What is gametogenesis called in males? Females?

Spermatogenesis

- Oogenesis

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Internal fertilization is practiced by…

..terrestrial vertebrates.

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Do females produce more or less eggs in external fertilization?

- Less chance for fertilization

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What other factors decrease amount of eggs produced?

Species cares for young

- Development occurs inside mother’s body

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Where are the testes located?

-Scrotum 2-4*C

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Trace the path of sperm.

Testes –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> glans

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What systems is the urethra involved in for men?

-Reproductive and excretory

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Where is testosterone produced?

-Testes

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Where does spermatogenesis occur?

-Seminiferous tubules

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Describe spermatogenesis.

Diploid spermatogonia differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes –> meiosis –> haploid secondary spermatocytes –> meiosis –> 4 haploid spermatids –> spermatozoa (mature sperm)

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What is in the head of the sperm?

-Nucleus

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What is in the neck/body of the sperm?

-Mitochondria

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What is the acrosome?

Caplike structure derived from GOlgi that develops over the anterior half of head
Contains enzymes needed to penetrate ovum

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What are follicles in the ovaries?

Multilayered sacs of cells that contain, nourish, protect the immature ovum
Produces estrogen

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Follow the path of an immature ovum.

Released from ovary –> abdominal cavity –> drawn by cilia into oviduct (fallopian tube) –> uterus –> cervix

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Where does fetal fevelopment occur?

-Uterus

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What is the narrow end of the uterus called?

-Cervix

Where does oogenesis occur?

-Ovarian follicles

When have most of the immature ova (primary oocytes) formed?

-At birth of female

What are primary oocytes?

-Diploid cells formed by mitosis that will be released once a month to complete meiosis I

What forms after meiosis I of primary oocyte?

-One secondary oocyte and a small polar body

What occurs to the secondary oocyte?

-Expelled from follicle during ovulation and undergoes meiosis II after fertilization triggered by one of the layers being penetrated

What are the two layers that surround the oocyte cell membrane?

- Inner zone pellucida layer | - Outer corona radiata layer

What forms from meiosis II of secondary oocyte?

- Mature ovum and another polar body | - Mature ovum contains cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, nutrients for embryo

Where are female sex hormones produced?

- Ovaries | - Estrogen, progesterone secretion regulated by LH and FSH which is regulated by GnRH

Estrogens

- Steroid hormone - Stimulate development of female reproductive tract - Secondary sex traits - Influence libido - Thickening of endometrium (inner lining of uterine wall) - Secreted by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

Progesterone

- Steroid hormone - Corpus luteum secretes during luteal phase - Dev/maintenance of endometrium prepare for implantation

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Follicular phase --> Ovulation --> Luteal phase --> Menstruation (-->Fertilization does not occur)

Follicular phase

- Cessation of menstrual flow from previous cycle | - FSH --> dev follicles --> secrete estrogen

Ovulation

- Mid-cycle - Mature ovarian follicle bursts --> ovum - Caused by surge in LH, preceded by peak estrogen

When does ovulation not occur?

-Pregnancy, lactation, menopause

What occurs in menopause?

- Ovaries less sensitive to FSH and LH and atrophy - Follicles disappear - Estrogen/progesterone decrease - Ovulation stops

What occurs during luteal phase?

-LH maintains corpus luteum

What occurs during menstruation?

- Corpus luteum atrophies | - Progesterone/Estrogen decrease --> endometrium slough off

What does the developing placenta produce to maintain the corpus luteum and progersterone/estrogen?

-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropic)

When can the egg be fertilized?

12-24 hrs after ovulation at lateral/widest portion of fallopian tube

How many days does sperm remain viable?

1-2 days after intercourse

What is the course the sperm travels to fertilize egg?

Vaginal canal --> Cervix --> Uterus --> Fallopian tubes --> ovum

What is the first barrier the sperm must penetrate?

-Corona radiata then zona pellucida (acrosome enzymes)

What occurs when sperm makes contact with the ovum membrane?

-Form tube-like structure (acrosomal process) to fuse allowing sperm nucleus to enter ovum's cytoplasm

When does the ovum complete meiosis II?

-When sperm enters ovum's cytoplasm

What is the cortical reaction resulting from acrosomal process?

-Ca++ released to cytoplasm --> form fertilization membrane and increases metabolic rate of ovum

What is the fertilization membrane?

-Hard layer surrounding ovum cell membrane to prevent multiple fertilizations

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

- Mono is single zygote splitting into two embryos (identical) - Di is two ova released and fertilized by diff sperm (fraternal)

At which stage of splitting will the embryo have separate chorions/placentas?

- 2-cell stage | - At blastula stage, embryos have one chorionic sac and one placenta/possibly one amnion

In dizygotic twins, how does implantation occur?

-Individually, produce separate placenta, amnion, chorion