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Biology > Muscle and Skeletal System > Flashcards

Muscle and Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cartilage

A

-Connective tissue

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2
Q

What synthesizes cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

Bone

A
  • Specialized mineralized connective tissue

- Elastic, lightweight

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4
Q

Compact bone

A
  • Dense bone deposited in units called osteons

- Channels called Haversian canals surrounded by bony matrix (lamellae)

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5
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • Much less dense

- Interconnecting spicules with yellow marrow (adipose) or red marrow (blood formation)

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Synthesize/secrete organic components of bone matrix - collagen
  • Mature into osteocytes
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7
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Lg, multinucleated cells

- Bone reabsorption

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8
Q

What are the methods of bone formation?

A
  • Endochronal Ossification (cartilage)

- Intramembranous ossification (mesenchymal tissue)

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9
Q

Pyramidal system

A

Axons of pyramidal cells of motor cortex synapse on lower motor neurons

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10
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • Somatic motor commands at the involuntary level

- Skeletal muscle tone primarily controlled by red nucleus in midbrain

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Mulitnucleated, striated
  • Controlled by SNS, voluntary movements
  • Myofibrils (divided into sacromeres) enveloped in sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • High energy requirements –> mitochondria rich
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12
Q

T system

A
  • Transverse tubules perpendicular to myofibrils

- Ion channels –> propagate action potentials

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13
Q

Which bands reduce in size during muscle contraction?

A

-I and H band

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14
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

-Link between nerve terminal and sarcolemma of muscle fiber

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15
Q

How is an action potential generated in muscle contraction?

A

-Enough neurotransmitters diffuse across cleft and stimulate receptors on sarcolemma, changing permeability

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16
Q

What occurs once an action potential is generated?

A
  • Potential is conducted along sarcolemma and T system into interior of muscle fiber
  • SR release Ca++ into sarcoplasm –> bind troponin C on actin –> actin/myosin slide –> sarcomere contracts
17
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

-Muscle contract w/o potentials due to lack of ATP which is needed to release myosin heads from actin filaments

18
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  • Muscle shortens against fixed load

- Constant tension

19
Q

Dynamic contraction

A
  • Concentric and eccentric contractions

- Change length of muscle and tension

20
Q

Concentric contraction

A

-Muscle fibers shorten, tension increases

21
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

-Muscle fibers lengthen, tension increases

22
Q

Isometric contraction

A
  • Both ends of muscles are fixed, no change in length

- Tension increases

23
Q

How can strength of muscle contraction be increased?

A
  • All or nothing response

- Increase by recruiting more muscle fibers

24
Q

Simple twitch

A
  • Single muscle fiber to brief stimulus

- Latent, contraction, relaxation

25
Q

Temporal summation

A

-Contractions combine –> stronger/prolonged

26
Q

Tetanus

A
  • Muscle fibers continuously stimulated and can’t relax

- Muscle will fatigue and contraction weakens

27
Q

Tonus

A
  • Partial contraction

- Muscles are never completely relaxed

28
Q

Cori cycle

A
  • Converts lactic acid in liver to glucose –> bloodstream
  • Muscle uses glucose or stores as glycogen
  • NOT include breaking down glycogen/production of lactic acid
29
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls
  • One central nucleus
  • No striations
  • Smooth, continuous contractions
30
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Actin/myosin arranged in sarcomeres (striated)

- Only 1-2 nuclei

31
Q

What are forms of energy reserves for muscles?

A
  • Creatine phosphate

- Myoglobin (store oxygen)

32
Q

What do the inorganic components of bone form?

A

-Hydroxyapatite crystals (phosphate, calcium, hydroxide)

33
Q

Which bones are typically formed from endochondral ossification?

A

-Long bones

34
Q

Which bones are typically formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

-Skull

35
Q

What makes up the diaphysis?

A

-Bone marrow surrounded by compact bone

36
Q

What makes up the epiphysis?

A

-Spongy bone coated with thin layer of compact bone

37
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Separate the diaphysis and epiphsis
  • Cartilage in growing bones
  • Source of longitudinal growth
38
Q

Why are muscles found in antagonistic pairs?

A
  • Because extension can only occur passively

- E.g. triceps and biceps

Biology (17 decks)

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