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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of the levels of organization?

A

Organism –> Population –> Community –> Ecosystem –> Biosphere

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2
Q

What are physical factors of environment?

A

-Water, temperature (latitude/altitude), sunlight, oxygen

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3
Q

What factors affect substratum?

A

-Soil pH, texture (loams contain each soil type), minerals (nitrates, phosphates), humus

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4
Q

Who has a longer digestive tract?

A

-Herbivores required greater surface area/time than Carnivores

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5
Q

Niche

A

-Functional role distinct to each species

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6
Q

What happens if two species occupy similar niches?

A

-Common resource causes extinction, change in distribution, or further divergence in niches.

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7
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • Intimate, often permanent association

- Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

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8
Q

Sapyphytism

A

Protists/Fungi decompose dead organisms externally and absorb nutrients
-Mold, mushrooms, bacteria of decay, slime molds

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9
Q

Poikilothermic

A

-Cold-blooded, releases most heat energy to environment

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10
Q

Homeothermic

A
  • Warm-blooded, make use of heat produced

- Physical adaptations: hair, fat, feathers

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11
Q

Are food webs with more numbers of pathways more or less stable?

A

-More stable

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12
Q

Compare energy, mass, and number in food pyramid.

A
  • Each energy transfer looses energy as well as uses some for metabolism (heat loss)
  • All decrease when ascending pyramid
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13
Q

Who drives most material cycles?

A

-Scavengers and decomposers

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14
Q

Elemental Nitrogen –> Nitrates

A
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

- Lightening

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15
Q

Ammonia –> Nitrates/Nitrites

A
  • Nitrifying bacteria

- Chemosynthesis

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16
Q

How are nitrites used and converted to ammonia?

A

-Plants absorb them (nucleic acids/proteins) –> animals eat plants (animal proteins) –> bacteria of decay (ammonia)

17
Q

What are the fates of ammonia produced from waste/dead tissue?

A
  • Nitrified again

- Denitrified by bacteria to elemental nitrogen

18
Q

What gives off CO2 to atmosphere?

A

-Respiration by plants/animals

19
Q

What uses up CO2?

A

-Photosynthesis

20
Q

What returns organic carbon locked in organism?

A

-Bacteria of decay

21
Q

When is a climax community established?

A

-Community sere occurs in which population alters environment in way that original conditions giving rise to current community are recreated.

22
Q

What is a sere?

A
  • Community stage in ecological succession

- Defined by dominant species

23
Q

Which is the most stable biome?

A

-Aquatic biomes

24
Q

Desert

A
  • Less than 10 inches rain

- Small plants/animals

25
Q

Grassland

A
  • 10-30 inches rain

- No shelter for herbivorous mammals –> long legs/hooves

26
Q

Rainforest

A
  • Torrential rains
  • High temperature in tropical; moderate in temperate
  • Dense vegetation, not shed leaves
  • Epiphytes
  • Floor inhabited by saprophytes
27
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A
  • Cold winters (shed leaves), warm summers
  • Moderate rain
  • NE and Central Eastern US, Central Europe
28
Q

Temperate Coniferous Forest

A
  • Cold, dry, not shed leaves
  • Water conservation with needle shaped leaves
  • Redwoods
  • Northern US/Southern CA
29
Q

Taiga

A
  • Less rain than temperate forests
  • Long, cold winter
  • Not shed leaves
  • Floors inhabited by moss/lichens
  • CA/Russia
30
Q

Tundra

A
  • Treeless, frozen plain
  • Permafrost
  • Very short summer/growing period
31
Q

Polar

A

-Polar ice caps, no vegetation, few animals

32
Q

Marine

A

-Intertidal –> Neritic –> Pelagic

33
Q

Freshwater

A
  • Hypotonic (vacuoles/cell walls), swift currents ( root-like holdfasts)
  • Affected by variations in climate/water

Biology (17 decks)

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