Integumentary and Immunological Systems Flashcards
What does the integument consist of?
Skin, hair, nails, mucous secretions
What is the pH of the skin?
Acidic from sebaceous gland oil secretions
What are the layers of the skin?
Dermis and epidermis connected together by basement membrane
What is the dermis?
Blood supply to skin and specialized cells
What is the epidermis?
Kerationcytes which differentiate into corneocytes (protective, waterproof, routinely replaced)
What is difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
- Humoral: antibodies
- Cell mediated: combat fungal and viral infections
What occurs during inflammatory?
- Activated WBC release histamines
- Blood vessels dilate and increase permeability
- Increase flow of WBC to infection
Describe components of lymphatic system.
- Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels from lymph node to lymph node
- In extravascular space of most tissues
Lymph nodes and spleen…
…are reservoirs of WBC and filters for lymph (remove antigen-presenting cells and foreign matter)
Granulocytes
- Phagocytize antigens and antigenic material
- Neutrophils, Eusinophils, Basophils
Neutrophils
- Most common
- First responders, attract WBC
- Elevated in inflammation
Eusinophils
- Less common
- Asthmatic and allergic responses
- Fight intercellular parasites
Basophils
- Related to mast cells and allergic response
- Release histamine
- Fight ectoparasites
Monocytes
- Can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells
- Long-lived immune cells
Macrophages
- Phagocytize dead cells and pathogens
- Present fragments of antigens
Dendritic cells
- More focused on antigen presenting vs macrophages
- In areas in contact with external environment
- Important link to adaptive IS
T lymphocytes
- Random rearrangement of gene sequences
- Vast majority undergo cell apoptosis (react too well or not at all)
- Develop in bone marrow –(travel in blood–> mature in thymus
MHC
-Presents antigen on surface of antigen presenting cell
Cytotoxic T cells
- CD8+ cells recognize/attack MHCI complexes
- Viruses/developing tumors
Helper T cells
- CD4+ recognize/respond to MHCII complexes
- Release cytokines to stimulate IS response
Natural Killer Cells
- Behave similarly to both Tc and Th cells but respond to antigens presented by other types of cells
- Destroy cells marked for destruction
Memory T cells
-Quicker, more targeted response if antigen reappears
Regulatory or suppressor T cells
-Tone down T cell response to self cells or following an infection
B lymphocytes
-Express immunoglobulins with high affinity for antigen expressed by the stimulating T lymphocyte
Antibodies
- Light chain and heavy chain with S-S bonds
- N (antigen binding sites) C (constant) V (variable)
Active immunity
- Occurs as result of immune response
- Exposure to pathogen/antigen/vaccine
- Develop cells specific to particular antigen –> wks/mnths to build up
Passive immunity
- Transfer antibodies from one individual to another
- Pregnancy/injections of gamma globulin
- Immunity lost when antibodies no longer circulate
Transplant rejection
-Rejection of organ due to antigens on donated organ
Plasma cells
-Specialized B cells that produce antibodies
MHCI proteins
-Found on all cells
MHCII proteins
-Found on macrophages, B cells, T cells
