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Biology > Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe flow of blood from heart to body.

A

-Aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries (diffusion) –> venules –> veins —> heart

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2
Q

What blood does the right side of the heart carry?

A

-Deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

Left side of the heart…

A

…carries oxygenated blood to systemic circulation.

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4
Q

Are atria or ventricles thin walled?

A

Atria

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5
Q

Which ventricle is more muscular?

A

Left ventricle –> generates enough force to pump blood against higher resistance

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6
Q

Detail the path of blood returning to heart.

A

-Into right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic semilunar valve –> systemic

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7
Q

Which valves have two cusps? Three?

A
  • 2: mitral valve

- 3: tricuspid and semilunar valves

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8
Q

Systole

A

-Ventricles contract

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9
Q

Diastole

A
  • Cardiac muscle relaxation

- Blood drains into all 4 chambers`

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10
Q

Heartbeat is made up by

A

-Systole and Diastole

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11
Q

Cardiac output is calculated by

A

heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (blood volume pumped out of left ventricle/contraction)

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12
Q

Cardiac contractions regulated by

A

-Sinoatrial node (SA) - pacemaker

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13
Q

Where is the SA located?

A

-Wall of right atrium

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14
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior vena cava?

A
  • Superior brings deoxygenated blood from upper half of body to right atrium
  • Inferior from the bottom half
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15
Q

How does the SA regulate heart rate?

A
  • Both atria contract –> AV node –> ventricles fill with blood
  • Impulse carried by bundle of His (AV bundle) –> Purkinje fibers in both ventricles –> contraction
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16
Q

How does epinephrine regulate heart rate?

A
  • Increase HR

- Secreted by adrenal medulla

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17
Q

List blood vessel type by increasing thickness.

A

Capillaries

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18
Q

What drives blood flow in veins?

A

-Contraction of skeletal muscles during movement

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19
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

-Prevent backflow as venous circulation often opposed gravity

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20
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Single layer of epithelial cells

- Smallest diameter

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21
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • Transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to cardiovascular system
  • Keep fluid levels in body constant
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22
Q

Lacteals

A
  • Collect fats (chylomicrons) from villi in small intestine –> bloodstream
  • Smallest lymph vessels
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23
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Swellings along lymph vessels with phagocytic cells (lymphocytes) that filter lymph

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24
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

25
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A
  • Liquid portion of blood

- Nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, blood proteins (immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen)

26
Q

Why do RBC have a biconcave disk shape?

A

-Gives more flexibility and greater SA

27
Q

Where are RBC formed?

A
  • Bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin

- In bone marrow, lose nuclei, mitochondria, membranous organelles –> blood

28
Q

What type of antigen does type A blood have? Antibodies?

A
  • Type A antigen

- Type B anitbody

29
Q

What does erythroblastosis fetalis result from?

A

-Rh- mother pregnant with Rh+ baby first then pregnant again with Rh+ baby (now has anti-Rh antibodies)

30
Q

Where are amino acids and simple sugars absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Intestinal capillaries

31
Q

Describe the clotting cascade.

A
  • Exposed collagen cause platelets to form plug.
  • Platelets and tissue release thromboplastin.
  • Thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin.
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • Fibrin traps blood cells –> clot
32
Q

What are methods of anticoagulants?

A

-Inhibit recycling of vitamin K (needed as cofactor of thromboplastin)

33
Q

What is the path air follows in respiratory tract?

A

-Nose–>Pharynx(throat)–>larynx–>trachea–>bronchi–>bronchioles–>alveoli

34
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts/flattens
  • External intercostal muscles contract
  • Rib cage/chest wall pushed up and out
  • Fill with air
35
Q

Exhalation

A
  • Passive process
  • Lungs/chest recoil to original position
  • Pressure increase, air forced out of alveoli
36
Q

Surfactant

A
  • Protein complex secreted by cells in lungs
  • Decreases surface tension in alveoli
  • Prevents lung collapse
37
Q

What part of the brain controls ventilation?

A

-Medulla oblongata

38
Q

Would increasing the partial pressure of CO2 in blood increase or decrease ventilation?

A

Increase to maintain proper concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions

39
Q

What surrounds alveoli?

A

Pulmonary capillaries (minute blood vessels)

40
Q

Total lung capacity

A

-Max volume of air lungs can hold

41
Q

Tidal volume

A

-Volume air moved during normal resting breath which differs from max by the inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume

42
Q

Vital capacity

A

-Volume of air moved in max inhalation/exhalation

43
Q

What is the primary cause of movement of lymph?

A

-Pressure of skeletal muscles

44
Q

Is the pressure of lymph in vessels high or low?

A

-Low so the difference can draw liquid from tissues into lymphatic system

45
Q

How is liquid returned to blood?

A

-Lymph vessels that drain into large veins of cardiovascular system

46
Q

Where do the lymphatic and circulatory systems meet?

A

-Thoracic duct

47
Q

Blockage of the thoracic duct would inhibit absorption of…

A

…triglycerides

48
Q

Is the partial pressure of oxygen higher or lower in alveoli than pulmonary capillaries (blood)?

A

-Higher–> flows down pressure gradient and binds to hemoglobin

49
Q

Is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide higher or lower in alveoli than pulmonary capillaries (blood)?

A

-Lower –> flows into alveoli for expiration

50
Q

Trapped particulate matter in respiratory system is moved towards what part of tract for expulsion?

A

-Pharynx

51
Q

What are the two membranes of the lungs?

A

-Visceral and parietal pleura with interpleural space in between

52
Q

What is the purpose of the pressure differential between interpleural space and lungs?

A

-Keeps lungs inflated

53
Q

What kind of breathing is inhalation?

A
  • Active

- Negative pressure breathing (air enters lungs due to vacuum created)

54
Q

What compresses the lungs during exhalation?

A

-Internal intercostal muscles opposed to contraction of external intercostal muscles in inhalation

55
Q

Can exhalation be a passive process?

A

-Yes, during strenuous activitis

56
Q

Agglutinins

A

-Antibodies

57
Q

Agglutinogens

A

-Antigens

58
Q

Type O blood has

A
  • No antigens

- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Biology (17 decks)

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